Table 1.
Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics of school aged children 5–14.99 years in Mexico and Colombia & adolescent girls aged 12.00–14.99 years in the USA.
| Characteristics | Mexico/n = 3660 | USA/n = 733 | Colombia/n = 8573 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n * | % (SE of %) or Mean (SE) | n * | % (SE of %) or Mean (SE) | n * | % (SE of %) or Mean (SE) | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age in years | 3660 | 9.1 (0.1) | 733 | 13.6 (0.04) | 8573 | 9.9 (0.04) |
| Age | ||||||
| <12.0 years | 3083/3660 | 78.7% (1.2) | - | - | 6223/8573 | 72.5% (0.6) |
| 12.0–14.99 years | 577/3660 | 21.3% (1.2) | 733/733 | 100% (0.0) | 2350/8573 | 27.5% (0.6) |
| Sex (Females) % | 2115/3660 | 59.5% (1.6) | 733 | 100% (0.0) | 4944/8573 | 57.4% (0.7) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| Black | N/A | N/A | 244/733 | 15.6% (2.1) | 958/8573 | 11.6% (0.5) |
| Non-Black | N/A | N/A | 489/733 | 84.4% (2.0) | 7615/8573 | 88.4% (0.5) |
| Asset | ||||||
| Poorest | 1191/3656 | 31.1% (1.8) | 160/717 | 14.3% (1.8) | 3299/8573 | 25.9% (0.8) |
| All Other | 2465/3656 | 68.9% (1.8) | 557/717 | 85.7% (1.8) | 5274/8573 | 74.0% (0.8) |
| Nutrition/Growth | ||||||
| Stunting % (HAZ < −2) | 396/3658 | 10.2% (0.9) | 8/725 | 1.6% (0.7) | 963/8390 | 9.8% (0.5) |
| Wasting % (BAZ < −2) | 54/3658 | 1.3% (0.3) | 8/725 | 2.4% (1.2) | 160/8390 | 2.0% (0.2) |
| Overweight % (BAZ > 2) | 450/3658 | 13.3% (1.3) | 169/725 | 19.9% (2.9) | 339/8390 | 4.3% (0.3) |
| Obese % (BAZ > 3) | 106/3658 | 3.9% (0.8) | 36/725 | 3.6% (0.8) | 40/8390 | 0.5% (0.1) |
| Biochemical markers | ||||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 3660 | 13.8 (0.6) | 733 | 13.7 (0.7) | 8573 | 14.5 (0.3) |
| 1 Hemoglobin (g/dL) adjusted for altitude and/or 2 smoking | 3660 | 13.3 (0.5) | N/A | N/A | 8573 | 14.1 (0.3) |
| C-Reactive Protein (ng/mL) | 3660 | 2.2 (0.2) | 733 | 1.7 (0.4) | 8573 | 2.5 (0.1) |
| 2 Iron Deficiency % | 626/3302 | 18.1% (1.2) | ‡ 87/680 | 9.7% (1.3) | 736/7450 | 9.2% (0.4) |
| 3 Low Ferritin % | 663/3650 | 17.3% (1.2) | ‡ 92/733 | 9.3% (1.3) | 831/8573 | 9.2% (0.4) |
| 4 High sTFR % | 664/3645 | 19.6% (1.3) | ‡ 49/727 | 5.0% (1.0) | N/A | N/A |
| 5 Vitamin A Deficiency % | N/A | N/A | ‡ 2/720 | 0.1% (0.1) | N/A | N/A |
| 6 Elevated C-Reactive Protein (ng/mL) % | 353/3660 | 9.4% (0.8) | 53/733 | 6.9% (1.2) | 1123/8573 | 13.2% (0.6) |
| 7 Anemia % | 454/3660 | 11.6% (0.9) | 49/733 | 3.6% (0.8) | 452/8573 | 4.2% (0.3) |
| 8 Iron Deficiency Anemia using adjusted Hb % | 103/3302 | 2.6% (0.4) | ‡ 16/680 | 1.4% (0.5) | 77/7450 | 0.7% (0.1) |
| 9 Anemia associated with Iron Deficiency % | - | 22.4% | - | 38.9% | - | 16.7% |
* Reported n is of actual sampled population. Reported % are weighted per the survey design, Abbreviations: Height for Age z score—HAZ; Body Mass Index for Age z score—BAZ; soluble transferrin receptor—sTfR. 1 Hemoglobin values adjusted for altitude (for Mexico & Colombia) and for smoking (Colombia) [17]; 2 Iron Deficiency % assessed using serum ferritin (SF) in Mexico, USA & Colombia, corrected for inflammation excluding CRP > 5.0 ng/mL, SF < 15 µg/L 3,4,5 Low Ferritin %, High sTFR %, Vitamin A Deficiency % uncorrected for inflammation; 3 Low Ferritin defined as: SF <15 µg/L; 4 High sTFR defined as: sTFR > 8.3 mg/L; 5 Vitamin A Deficiency assessed using serum retinol < 0.70 µmol/L; 6 Elevated CRP > 5.0 ng/mL; 7 Anemia definition: Age < 11.99 years, Hb (g/dL) < 11.5; Age ≥ 12 years, Hb (g/dL) < 12.0 Anemia in Mexico using Hb adjusted for altitude and/or smoking, Anemia in the US using Hb adjusted for African American extraction, Anemia in Colombia using Hb adjusted for altitude and/or smoking and AA extraction; 8 Iron Deficiency Anemia definition %: % Iron deficiency anemia was defined as the presence of anemia using adjusted Hb along with low ferritin among those with CRP ≤ 5 mg/L; 9 Anemia associated with Iron Deficiency definition: % IDA 8 divided by % anemia 7. ‡ Ferritin (n = 733) and sTFR (n = 727) information for females aged 12 years and older. Vit A information (n = 3086) available in the US for both males and females aged 6 years and older.