| 4E-BP1 | Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E-Binding Protein 1 |
| Akt/PKB | Protein Kinase B |
| DXA | Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry |
| EAR | Estimated Average Requirement |
| FOXO | Forkhead box |
| GLUT4 | Glucose Transporter 4 |
| HMB | Beta-Hydroxy-beta-Methylbutyrate |
| ISGD | Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Disposal |
| IOM | Institute of Medicine |
| LAT1 | l-type Amino Acid Transporter 1 |
| MAFbx | Muscle Atrophy F-Box |
| MAP4K3 | Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase Kinase 3 |
| miRNA | micro RNA |
| mTORC1 | Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 |
| MuRF | Muscle Really Interesting New Gene (RING)-Finger |
| p70-S6K | Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase beta-1 |
| RDA | Recommended Dietary Allowance |
| rpS6 | Ribosomal Protein S6 |
| SNAT2 | Sodium-coupled Neutral Amino Acid Transporter |
| Vps34 | Vacuolar Protein Sorting 34 |
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