Table 1.
Sociodemographic, environmental, and health characteristics of study participants.
| Variables | Prostate Cancer (n = 326) | Other Cancers (n = 394) | Controls (n = 629) | p Value * | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| Age, mean (SD) | 68.3 (8.2) | 64.1 (10.4) | 59.1(11.4) | <0.001 | |||
| <50 years | 10 | 3.1 | 39 | 9.9 | 155 | 24.6 | |
| 50–65 years | 92 | 28.2 | 170 | 43.1 | 278 | 44.2 | |
| >65 years | 224 | 68.7 | 185 | 47 | 196 | 31.2 | |
| Education | <0.001 | ||||||
| Elementary school | 171 | 52.5 | 141 | 35.8 | 249 | 39.6 | |
| Middle and high school | 104 | 31.9 | 151 | 38.3 | 219 | 34.8 | |
| College | 30 | 9.2 | 54 | 13.7 | 75 | 11.9 | |
| University | 21 | 6.4 | 48 | 12.2 | 86 | 13.7 | |
| Marital status | <0.001 | ||||||
| Singled | 16 | 4.9 | 27 | 6.9 | 76 | 12.1 | |
| Married | 254 | 77.9 | 310 | 78.7 | 503 | 80 | |
| Widowed | 42 | 12.9 | 40 | 10.2 | 23 | 3.7 | |
| Divorced | 14 | 4.3 | 17 | 4.3 | 27 | 4.3 | |
| Main labor activity | <0.001 | ||||||
| Rural | 88 | 27 | 81 | 20.6 | 167 | 26.6 | |
| Industrial | 44 | 13.5 | 58 | 14.7 | 97 | 15.4 | |
| Commercial | 95 | 29.1 | 91 | 23.1 | 137 | 21.8 | |
| Autonomous professional | 10 | 3.1 | 23 | 5.8 | 57 | 9.1 | |
| Other | 89 | 27.3 | 141 | 35.8 | 171 | 27.2 | |
| BMI | <0.001 | ||||||
| Underweight | 1 | 0.3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0.2 | |
| Normal | 143 | 43.9 | 184 | 46.7 | 160 | 25.4 | |
| Overweight | 122 | 37.4 | 166 | 42.1 | 316 | 50.2 | |
| Obese | 60 | 18.4 | 40 | 10.2 | 152 | 24.2 | |
| Reason for medical visits | <0.001 | ||||||
| Check-up | 233 | 71.5 | 126 | 32 | - | - | |
| Symptoms | 93 | 28.5 | 268 | 68 | - | - | |
| History of family cancer | 225 | 69 | 241 | 61.2 | 256 | 40.7 | <0.001 |
| Prostatitis | 49 | 15 | 15 | 3.8 | 63 | 10 | <0.001 |
| Urinary tract infections | 16 | 4.9 | 14 | 3.6 | 27 | 4.3 | NS |
| Arterial hypertension | 156 | 47.9 | 171 | 43.4 | 236 | 37.5 | 0.007 |
| Diabetes | 41 | 12.6 | 70 | 17.8 | 83 | 13.2 | NS |
| Thyroid dysfunction | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.5 | 16 | 2.5 | 0.001 |
| Depressive disorder | 25 | 7.7 | 34 | 8.6 | 46 | 7.3 | NS |
| Major emotional stress | 207 | 63.5 | 225 | 57.1 | 137 | 28.1 | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive use | 152 | 46.6 | 171 | 43.4 | 230 | 36.6 | 0.006 |
| Use of statins | 37 | 11.3 | 70 | 17.8 | 124 | 19.7 | 0.005 |
| Use of Acetylsalicylic acid | 78 | 23.9 | 112 | 28.4 | 141 | 22.4 | NS |
| Agrochemical exposure | 0.005 | ||||||
| None | 201 | 61.7 | 251 | 63.7 | 449 | 71.4 | |
| Handle/apply/sell | 50 | 15.3 | 56 | 14.2 | 87 | 13.8 | |
| Indirect | 75 | 23 | 87 | 22.1 | 93 | 14.8 | |
| Exposure (years) | 0.013 | ||||||
| <20 | 89 | 27.3 | 101 | 25.6 | 136 | 21.6 | |
| 20 or more | 36 | 11 | 42 | 10.7 | 44 | 7 | |
| Organochlorine exposure | 68 | 20.9 | 64 | 16.2 | 114 | 18.1 | NS |
| Organophosphorous exposure | 111 | 34 | 134 | 34 | 158 | 25.1 | 0.002 |
| Pyrethroids exposure | 33 | 10.1 | 30 | 7.6 | 74 | 11.8 | NS |
| Other chemicals | 28 | 8.6 | 27 | 6.9 | 52 | 8.3 | NS |
| Exposure with no protection | 31 | 62 | 32 | 57.1 | 31 | 35.6 | 0.004 |
| Housing | <0.001 | ||||||
| Urban | 155 | 47.5 | 202 | 51.3 | 402 | 63.9 | |
| Rural | 171 | 52.5 | 192 | 48.7 | 227 | 36.1 | |
* p-value for χ2 test; NS: non-significant (p ˃ 0.05).