Table 4.
Multivariable-adjusted Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of abdominal obesity by quartile of dietary histidine.
| All | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Histidine Quartiles | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 |
| Dietary histidine (% protein) | <1.38 | 1.38–1.59 | 1.59–1.77 | >1.77 |
| Participants, n | 594 | 594 | 594 | 594 |
| Abdominal obesity, n (%) | 191 (32.1) | 174 (29.3) | 168 (28.3) | 143 (24.1) |
| Crude | 1 | 0.771 (0.603, 0.987) * | 0.752 (0.587, 0.963) * | 0.614 (0.477, 0.792) ** |
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.733 (0.563, 0.956) * | 0.774 (0.594, 0.996) * | 0.742 (0.565, 0.974) * |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.723 (0.545, 0.059) * | 0.782 (0.579, 0.998) * | 0.761 (0.552, 0.985) * |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.716 (0.539, 0.952) * | 0.809 (0.597, 0.995) * | 0.754 (0.545, 0.943) * |
| Men | ||||
| Histidine Quartiles | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 |
| Dietary histidine (% protein) | <1.35 | 1.35–1.57 | 1.57–1.76 | >1.76 |
| Participants, n | 291 | 291 | 291 | 291 |
| Abdominal obesity, n (%) | 120 (41.2) | 118 (40.5) | 114 (39.2) | 102 (35.1) |
| Crude | 1 | 0.972 (0.698, 1.353) | 0.918 (0.659, 1.279) | 0.769 (0.550, 1.075) |
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.943 (0.663, 1.341) | 0.923 (0.648, 1.315) | 0.908 (0.634, 1.301) |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.948 (0.650, 1.383) | 0.940 (0.627, 1.410) | 0.928 (0.600, 1.435) |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.929 (0.636, 1.357) | 0.959 (0.639, 1.441) | 0.916 (0.592, 1.419) |
| Women | ||||
| Histidine Quartiles | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 |
| Dietary histidine (% protein) | <1.40 | 1.40–1.61 | 1.61–1.77 | >1.77 |
| Participants, n | 303 | 303 | 303 | 303 |
| Abdominal obesity, n (%) | 71 (23.4) | 56 (18.5) | 54 (17.8) | 41 (13.5) |
| Crude | 1 | 0.639 (0.461, 0.884) ** | 0.624 (0.448, 0.871) ** | 0.463 (0.330, 0.649) ** |
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.499 (0.313, 0.794) ** | 0.539 (0.280, 0.938) * | 0.507 (0.314, 0.816) ** |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.477 (0.293, 0.777) ** | 0.476 (0.278, 0.802) ** | 0.472 (0.272, 0.821) ** |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.478 (0.294, 0.778) ** | 0.501 (0.320, 0.840) ** | 0.473 (0.272, 0.822) ** |
Model 1: adjusting for age, education, income, labor and exercise status. Model 2: Model 1 + dietary carbohydrate, fat, protein, fiber and cholesterol intake were adjusted. Model 3: Model 2 + smoking habits were adjusted. *: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01 compared with the 1st quartile.