Table 2.

Selected trials about the prognostic effect of micronutrient supplementation in heart failure.

Supplement	First Author, Year	Type of Study	Patients’ Number	Dose	Duration	Survival Outcome	Results
Coenzyme Q10	Mortensen, 2014 [35]	Randomized controlled trial (RCT) (Q-SYMBIO trial)	420 (202 vs. 218)	100 mg × 3/die vs. placebo	106 weeks	Hospitalization for worsening heart failure, cardiovascular death, mechanical assist implantation, or urgent cardiac transplantation at two years	43% risk reduction
Vitamin D	Planned	RCT (EVITA trial, NCT01326650)	400	100 mcg/die vs. placebo	Three years	All-cause death at three years; cardiac transplantation, high urgent listing for cardiac transplantation, resuscitation, hospitalization, ventricular assist device implantation at three years	-
Iron	Jankowska, 2016 [36]	Meta-analysis	951 (509 vs. 342)	Variable vs. placebo	From five to 36 weeks	All-cause death or cardiovascular hospitalization; cardiovascular death or hospitalization for worsening heart failure	56% risk reduction; 61% risk reduction
l-Carnitine	Rizos, 2000 [37]	Open-label	80 (42 vs. 38)	2 g/die	Three years	Death at three years	3% vs. 18%