Table 3.
Univariable logistic regression of common risk factors associated with edentulism, adults aged 50+ years in China, Ghana, India and South Africa and pooled, SAGE Wave 1 (weighted)
| Characteristics | China | Ghana | India | South Africa | Pooled data | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95 % CI) | p-value | OR (95 % CI) | p-value | OR (95 % CI) | p-value | OR (95 % CI) | p-value | OR (95 % CI) | p-value | |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Female | 1.27(1.14–1.40) | <0.001 | 1.33(0.84–2.12) | 0.221 | 1.19(0.87–1.63) | 0.274 | 1.09(0.70–1.68) | 0.713 | 1.25(1.07–1.45) | 0.004 |
| Age group (years) | ||||||||||
| 50–59 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 60–69 | 3.19(2.52–4.04) | <0.001 | 1.22(0.64–2.32) | 0.537 | 1.55(1.24–1.95) | <0.001 | 1.55(0.91–2.65) | 0.105 | 2.32(1.98–2.71) | <0.001 |
| 70–79 | 8.16(6.14–10.85) | <0.001 | 1.75(0.85–3.61) | 0.128 | 3.80(2.81–5.13) | <0.001 | 2.05(1.23–3.41) | 0.006 | 6.02(4.95–7.33) | <0.001 |
| 80+ | 20.09 (14.31–28.20) | <0.001 | 5.45(3.05–9.75) | 0.000 | 3.79(2.62–5.49) | <0.001 | 2.60(0.86–7.66) | 0.093 | 10.19(7.86–13.23) | <0.001 |
| Residence | ||||||||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Rural | 1.36(1.10–1.69) | 0.005 | 0.57(0.35–0.91) | 0.020 | 0.71(0.48–1.04) | 0.075 | 0.34(0.19–0.59) | <0.001 | 1.30(1.02–1.65) | 0.036 |
| Highest education | ||||||||||
| No schooling | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Primary | 0.46(0.39–0.55) | <0.001 | 0.72(0.31–1.64) | 0.429 | 0.9(0.7–1.2) | 0.669 | 2.81(1.64–4.81) | <0.001 | 0.55(0.47–0.63) | <0.001 |
| Secondary | 0.22(0.17–0.29) | <0.001 | 0.64(0.35–1.17) | 0.143 | 0.7(0.5–0.9) | 0.041 | 3.90(2.04–7.48) | <0.001 | 0.29(0.24–0.35) | <0.001 |
| University | 0.15(0.09–0.27) | <0.001 | 1.00(0.30–3.32) | 0.996 | 0.7(0.4–1.1) | 0.115 | 1.64(0.48–5.56) | 0.426 | 0.29(0.20–0.44) | <0.001 |
| Wealth quintile | ||||||||||
| 1 (lowest) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 2 | 0.67(0.53–0.85) | 0.001 | 0.90(0.44–1.83) | 0.762 | 0.95(0.74–1.23) | 0.549 | 1.72(0.66–4.46) | 0.263 | 0.73(0.60–0.88) | 0.001 |
| 3 | 0.62(0.53–0.73) | <0.001 | 1.21(0.55–2.65) | 0.634 | 0.90(0.65–1.26) | 0.504 | 2.02(0.86–4.77) | 0.107 | 0.68(0.57–0.80) | <0.001 |
| 4 | 0.38(0.30–0.48) | <0.001 | 0.86(0.43–1.75) | 0.680 | 1.05(0.72–1.51) | 0.810 | 2.61(1.15–5.92) | 0.022 | 0.53(0.42–0.67) | <0.001 |
| 5 (highest) | 0.29(0.21–0.39) | <0.001 | 1.11(0.55–2.24) | 0.761 | 0.98(0.69–1.37) | 0.890 | 4.85(2.08–11.33) | <0.001 | 0.50(0.40–0.63) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | ||||||||||
| Non-smoker | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Daily smoker | 0.87(0.71–1.07) | 0.172 | 0.85(0.43–1.68) | 0.635 | 0.84(0.66–1.08) | 0.171 | 1.81(1.05–3.13) | 0.033 | 1.01(0.86–1.18) | 0.908 |
| Non-daily smoker | 0.57(0.36–0.91) | 0.019 | 0.23(0.03–1.70) | 0.149 | 1.13(0.65–1.96) | 0.660 | 0.14(0.03–0.70) | 0.017 | 0.90(0.62–1.33) | 0.604 |
| Former smoker | 1.59(1.24–2.04) | <0.001 | 1.50(0.68–3.30) | 0.314 | 1.30(0.86–1.94) | 0.209 | 1.53(0.79–2.96) | 0.207 | 1.45(1.20–1.78) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use | ||||||||||
| Drinker | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Non-drinker | 1.30(1.12–1.50) | <0.001 | 1.21(0.83–1.75) | 0.318 | 1.64(1.22–2.20) | <0.001 | 1.16(0.68–2.00) | 0.577 | 1.61(1.40–1.85) | <0.001 |
| Nutritional status | ||||||||||
| Inadequate | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Adequate | 0.49(0.39–0.62) | <0.001 | 1.06(0.66–1.69) | 0.816 | 1.15(0.77–1.70) | 0.499 | 0.73(0.45–1.19) | 0.208 | 0.48(0.40–0.58) | <0.001 |
| Chronic Conditions | ||||||||||
| Angina | 1.60(1.22–2.12) | 0.001 | 3.13(1.24–7.93) | 0.016 | 1.06(0.65–1.72) | 0.827 | 1.58(0.85–2.94) | 0.149 | 1.3(31.05–1.70) | 0.019 |
| Diabetes | 1.20(0.90–1.60) | 0.210 | 2.56(1.20–5.46) | 0.015 | 1.38(0.90–2.13) | 0.137 | 2.28(1.36–3.82) | 0.002 | 1.27(0.98–1.65) | 0.067 |
| Hypertension | 1.49(1.27–1.76) | <0.001 | 0.82(0.38–1.75) | 0.604 | 0.96(0.71–1.29) | 0.777 | 3.43(2.18–5.41) | <0.001 | 1.19(1.02–1.38) | 0.026 |