Table 4.
Multivariable logistic regression of common risk factors associated with edentulism, adults aged 50+ years in China, Ghana, India and South Africa and pooled, SAGE Wave 1 (weighted)
| China | Ghana | India | South Africa | Pooled data | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | OR (95 % CI) | p-value | OR (95 % CI) | p-value | OR (95 % CI) | p-value | OR (95 % CI) | p-value | OR (95 % CI) | p-value |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Female | 1.09 (0.86–1.37) | 0.477 | 1.56 (1.01–2.42) | 0.044 | 1.01 (0.67–1.52) | 0.959 | 1.07 (0.66–1.74) | 0.789 | 0.96 (0.77–1.20) | 0.716 |
| Age group | ||||||||||
| 50–59 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 60–69 | 2.80 (2.25–3.50) | <0.001 | 1.16 (0.62–2.20) | 0.635 | 1.51 (1.20–1.92) | 0.001 | 1.45 (0.86–2.43) | 0.162 | 2.03 (1.74–2.36) | <0.001 |
| 70–79 | 6.74 (5.22–8.70) | <0.001 | 1.73 (0.83–3.59) | 0.140 | 3.80 (2.84–5.09) | <0.001 | 1.70 (0.98–2.96) | 0.059 | 4.94 (4.10–5.96) | <0.001 |
| 80+ | 14.89 (10.88–20.37) | <0.001 | 5.25 (2.80–9.83) | <0.001 | 3.59 (2.50–5.16) | <0.001 | 2.89 (1.29–6.45) | 0.010 | 7.67 (5.93–9.91) | <0.001 |
| Residence | ||||||||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Rural | 1.36 (1.09–1.69) | 0.007 | 0.53 (0.31–0.91) | 0.022 | 0.70 (0.45–1.08) | 0.110 | 0.52 (0.30–0.90) | 0.021 | 1.01 (0.77–1.32) | 0.964 |
| Education | ||||||||||
| No schooling | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Primary | 0.82 (0.67–1.00) | 0.048 | 1.05 (0.44–2.53) | 0.915 | 0.94 (0.72–1.22) | 0.637 | 2.32 (1.31–4.12) | 0.004 | 0.88 (0.75–1.03) | 0.105 |
| Secondary | 0.57 (0.44–0.75) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.51–1.90) | 0.960 | 0.76 (0.56–1.03) | 0.081 | 2.82 (1.52–5.21) | 0.001 | 0.58 (0.48–0.71) | <0.001 |
| University | 0.31 (0.18–0.53) | <0.001 | 1.31 (0.38–4.54) | 0.665 | 0.60 (0.33–1.12) | 0.107 | 1.29 (0.36–4.58) | 0.693 | 0.44 (0.28–0.68) | <0.001 |
| Wealth quintile | ||||||||||
| 1 (lowest) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 2 | 0.89 (0.71–1.12) | 0.317 | 0.87 (0.41–1.84) | 0.714 | 0.91 (0.65–1.28) | 0.586 | 1.68 (0.68–4.10) | 0.258 | 0.85 (0.70–1.03) | 0.100 |
| 3 | 1.03 (0.84–1.27) | 0.752 | 1.17 (0.56–2.45) | 0.675 | 0.93 (0.66–1.29) | 0.651 | 1.47 (0.61–3.57) | 0.389 | 0.94 (0.78–1.13) | 0.497 |
| 4 | 0.76 (0.60–0.94) | 0.015 | 0.80 (0.37–1.70) | 0.553 | 1.08 (0.74–1.57) | 0.703 | 1.61 (0.71–3.67) | 0.256 | 0.83 (0.67–1.03) | 0.094 |
| 5 (highest) | 0.68 (0.52–0.90) | 0.007 | 0.94 (0.41–2.16) | 0.890 | 0.99 (0.69–1.44) | 0.974 | 2.78 (1.16–6.70) | 0.022 | 0.82 (0.65–1.02) | 0.076 |
| Smoking | ||||||||||
| Non-smoker | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Daily smoker | 1.18 (0.89–1.57) | 0.237 | 1.11 (0.53–2.35) | 0.778 | 0.95 (0.75–1.21) | 0.674 | 2.24 (1.22–4.13) | 0.010 | 0.97 (0.80–1.16) | 0.714 |
| Nondaily smoke | 0.64 (0.38–1.07) | 0.086 | 0.38 (0.05–2.81) | 0.340 | 1.24 (0.74–2.08) | 0.413 | 0.22 (0.04–1.15) | 0.073 | 0.91 (0.62–1.34) | 0.636 |
| Former smoker | 1.57 (1.10–2.25) | 0.015 | 1.86 (0.79–4.40) | 0.157 | 1.29 (0.83–1.99) | 0.260 | 1.81 (0.86–3.79) | 0.118 | 1.36 (1.05–1.77) | 0.020 |
| Alcohol use | ||||||||||
| Drinker | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Non-drinker | 1.17 (0.98–1.40) | 0.088 | 1.09 (0.70–1.69) | 0.701 | 1.65 (1.11–2.46) | 0.014 | 1.24 (0.57–2.70) | 0.595 | 1.32 (1.08–1.60) | 0.006 |
| Nutrition | ||||||||||
| Inadequate | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Adequate | 0.68 (0.53–0.87) | 0.003 | 1.05 (0.65–1.69) | 0.846 | 1.31 (0.83–2.08) | 0.243 | 0.68 (0.42–1.10) | 0.114 | 0.82 (0.63–1.05) | 0.113 |
| Chronic conditions | ||||||||||
| Angina | 1.12 (0.80–1.57) | 0.498 | 2.86 (1.19–6.84) | 0.019 | 0.89 (0.50–1.59) | 0.705 | 1.23 (0.67–2.26) | 0.495 | 1.07 (0.81–1.42) | 0.629 |
| Diabetes | 0.93 (0.69–1.27) | 0.659 | 2.57 (1.19–5.59) | 0.017 | 1.46 (0.92–2.31) | 0.111 | 1.24 (0.69–2.24) | 0.472 | 1.24 (0.93–1.65) | 0.143 |
| Hypertension | 1.22 (0.98–1.52) | 0.074 | 0.57 (0.24–1.31) | 0.184 | 0.79 (0.57–1.09) | 0.145 | 2.75 (1.72–4.38) | <0.001 | 1.10 (0.92–1.31) | 0.305 |
| Country | ||||||||||
| China | 1 | |||||||||
| Ghana | 0.21 (0.15–0.28) | <0.001 | ||||||||
| India | 1.51 (1.14–1.99) | 0.004 | ||||||||
| South Africa | 0.86 (0.62–1.18) | 0.349 | ||||||||