Table 1.

Paradoxical conditions described under biological agents given for immune-mediated diseases

True PAE		Borderline PAE
AE	Biological agent	AE	Biological agent
Psoriasis	Anti-TNF-α Rituximab Tocilizumab Ustekinumab	Uveitis	Anti-TNF-α (etanercept)
Crohn's disease and/or ulcerative colitis	Anti-TNF-α (etanercept)	Scleritis	Anti-TNF-α
Hidradenitis suppurativa	Anti-TNF-α (adalimumab) Rituximab	Sarcoidosis	Anti-TNF-α (etanercept)
		Granuloma annulare	Anti-TNF-α
		Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis	Anti-TNF-α
		Vasculitis	Anti-TNF-α
		Alopecia areata	Anti-TNF-α
		Vitiligo	Anti-TNF-α ustekinumab

AE adverse events; PAE, paradoxical adverse events; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.