Table 1. Key differences between conventional polymer and CNF spinning processes.

	Polymer spinning	CNF spinning
Dope	Solution, dispersion or melt of individual polymer chains (high aspect ratio)	Dispersion of colloidal fibrils or semi-crystalline polymer bundles (low aspect ratio)
Alignment mechanism	Flow and drawing; high drawability	Flow (with flow focusing7 or wet-stretching10); low drawability
Filament stabilisation mechanism	Polymer crystallisation	Interfibrillar interactions