Table 2. Average values of physical and mechanical properties of filaments produced by wet-spinning of cellulose nanofibril hydrogels (CNF and TOCNF).
| Property | Filament |
TOCNF 2% | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CNF 2% | CNF 5% | CNF 7% | ||
| Apparent thickness (thickness gauge), μm | 106 ± 5 | 171 ± 20 | 225 ± 35 | 80 ± 4 |
| Apparent thickness (SEM), μm | 121 ± 4 | 181 ± 9 | 235 ± 11 | 116 ± 14 |
| Apparent density, g/cm3 | 1.20 ± 0.29 | 1.58 ± 0.07 | 1.51 ± 0.06 | 1.06 ± 0.24 |
| Apparent coarseness, g/km | 1.81 ± 0.90 | 4.01 ± 0.60 | 6.56 ± 0.88 | 1.19 ± 0.52 |
| Apparent porosity, % | 23 ± 18 | ∼0 | ∼0 | 32 ± 15 |
| Tensile strength, MPa | 326 ± 6 | 223 ± 26 | 136 ± 19 | 297 ± 4 |
| Specific strength, MPa cm3/g | 290 ± 75 | 142 ± 23 | 91 ± 17 | 296 ± 71 |
| Young’s modulus, GPa | 15.5 ± 1.7 | 12.7 ± 0.9 | 8.6 ± 1.5 | 21.3 ± 5.5 |
| Specific modulus, GPa cm3/g | 14.1 ± 4.8 | 8.1 ± 0.9 | 5.8 ± 1.3 | 22.4 ± 10.0 |
| Strain at break, % | 6.9 ± 0.9 | 8.4 ± 2.1 | 3.7 ± 1.4 | 2.8 ± 0.5 |
Error values are estimated based on the standard deviation among the tested specimens.