Table 1. Patient characteristics at enrollment according to stages of renal function (eGFR with CKD-EPI equation).
| All | CKD-EPI ≥80 ml/min/1.73 m2 | CKD-EPI 50–79 ml/min/1.73 m2 | CKD-EPI 30–49 ml/min/1.73 m2 | CKD-EPI <30 ml/min/1.73 m2 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of patients | 2398 | 842 | 1133 | 334 | 89 | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age in years Median (IQR) | 69 (62–77) | 64 (56–71) | 71 (64–78) | 76 (69–82) | 76 (71–83) | <0.0001 |
| Age > = 75 yrs (%) | 32.7 | 15.8 | 35.7 | 57.5 | 60.7 | <0.0001 |
| Age > 65 yrs (%) | 63.3 | 43.3 | 70.1 | 85.0 | 85.4 | <0.0001 |
| Female gender (%) | 39.3 | 30.5 | 41.9 | 50.9 | 46.1 | <0.0001 |
| AF type (%) | ||||||
| First detected | 30.3 | 28.5 | 30.7 | 31.3 | 39.8 | 0.0001 |
| Paroxysmal | 26.5 | 31.2 | 26.0 | 19.5 | 14.8 | |
| Persistent | 27.0 | 26.3 | 27.2 | 30.0 | 20.5 | |
| Permanent | 16.1 | 14.0 | 16.1 | 19.2 | 25.0 | |
| Concomitant disease (%) | ||||||
| Lone AF | 4.1 | 7.8 | 2.7 | 0.3 | 0 | <0.0001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 35.7 | 26.1 | 38.5 | 47.8 | 46.3 | <0.0001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 44.6 | 40.3 | 41.0 | 55.6 | 63.2 | 0.0012 |
| PTCA/CABG | 46.8 | 44.8 | 45.8 | 50.0 | 55.3 | 0.5372 |
| Stable angina | 36.3 | 37.8 | 36.6 | 34.7 | 31.6 | 0.8641 |
| Chronic heart failure | 46.2 | 34.7 | 46.9 | 64.5 | 76.4 | <0.0001 |
| of whom NYHA III/IV | 43.4 | 39.9 | 39.8 | 51.4 | 60.3 | 0.0005 |
| Valvular heart disease | 61.2 | 51.4 | 62.5 | 77.0 | 78.8 | <0.0001 |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 12.1 | 12.3 | 11.0 | 12.8 | 20.7 | 0.0559 |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 3.3 | 5.7 | 0.7655 |
| Restrictive cardiomyopathy | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.0972[*] |
| Hypertensive cardiomyopathy | 19.8 | 18.2 | 20.0 | 22.7 | 20.7 | 0.3794 |
| Other cardiac disease | 9.0 | 9.4 | 7.8 | 9.7 | 17.9 | 0.0156 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 12.0 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 18.8 | 13.8 | 0.0005 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 3.0 | 4.1 | 2.5 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 0.1413 |
| Hypothyroidism | 7.2 | 4.1 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 17.6 | <0.0001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 13.7 | 1.0 | 8.0 | 45.0 | 92.0 | <0.0001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 12.2 | 8.8 | 11.2 | 18.9 | 32.6 | <0.0001 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors (%) | ||||||
| Diabetes | 21.3 | 16.0 | 20.9 | 31.6 | 39.5 | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 71.2 | 62.5 | 73.4 | 80.7 | 91.0 | <0.0001 |
| Current smoker | 11.3 | 16.2 | 9.2 | 8.4 | 3.4 | <0.0001 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 49.1 | 41.9 | 52.0 | 54.9 | 58.0 | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol >= 2–3/day | 8.9 | 11.6 | 8.5 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 0.0008 |
| Physical activity (%) | ||||||
| None | 38.2 | 30.0 | 37.7 | 53.7 | 62.8 | <0.0001 |
| Occasional | 35.4 | 35.5 | 36.1 | 35.1 | 25.6 | |
| Regular | 21.7 | 28.1 | 21.5 | 9.9 | 9.3 | |
| Intense | 4.7 | 6.4 | 4.6 | 1.3 | 2.3 | |
| Co-morbidities (%) | ||||||
| Ischaemic thrombo-embolic complications | 12.9 | 10.3 | 12.2 | 19.6 | 22.1 | <0.0001 |
| Previous stroke | 6.3 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 7.5 | 9.1 | 0.4364 |
| Previous Transient Ischaemic Attack | 3.9 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 0.0071 |
| Haemorrhagic events | 6.3 | 3.8 | 6.4 | 7.9 | 23.9 | <0.0001 |
| Haemorrhagic stroke | 4.6 | 3.1 | 5.6 | 3.8 | 4.8 | >0.999[*] |
| Major bleeding | 25.8 | 21.9 | 26.4 | 23.1 | 33.3 | 0.8029 |
| Malignancy | 5.5 | 4.0 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 7.1 | 0.1399 |
| Main reason for admission/consultation (%) | ||||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 60.2 | 70.4 | 60.8 | 40.7 | 28.1 | <0.0001 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 4.4 | 2.9 | 4.8 | 7.5 | 3.4 | |
| Valvular heart disease | 3.4 | 2.1 | 3.8 | 5.1 | 3.4 | |
| Hypertension | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 2.2 | |
| Heart failure | 17.1 | 11.9 | 15.6 | 29.0 | 41.6 | |
| Other coronary artery disease | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.7 | 3.6 | 1.1 | |
| Other cardiac | 6.9 | 5.7 | 6.3 | 10.8 | 12.4 | |
| Other non-cardiac reason | 2.6 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 7.9 | |
| Symptoms | ||||||
| EHRA I | 40.2 | 34.9 | 40.7 | 47.3 | 57.3 | <0.0001 |
| EHRA II | 30.9 | 34.8 | 30.6 | 25.1 | 18.0 | |
| EHRA III–IV | 28.9 | 30.3 | 28.7 | 27.5 | 24.7 | |
| CHADS2 score | ||||||
| Mean score ± SD | 1.93 ± 1.27 | 1.47 ± 1.17 | 1.97 ± 1.20 | 2.64 ± 1.24 | 2.99 ± 1.10 | <0.0001 |
| Two or more | 60.3 | 44.1 | 62.8 | 84.4 | 92.1 | |
| CHA2DS2- VASc score | ||||||
| Mean score ± SD | 3.25 ± 1.80 | 2.43 ± 1.67 | 3.36 ± 1.65 | 4.47 ± 1.65 | 4.87 ± 1.42 | <0.0001 |
| Two or more | 81.6 | 66.5 | 87.1 | 96.4 | 98.9 | |
| HAS-BLED score | ||||||
| Mean score ± SD | 1.37 ± 1.08 | 0.95 ± 0.96 | 1.39 ± 0.97 | 2.00 ± 1.06 | 2.79 ± 1.07 | <0.0001 |
| Two or more | 41.1 | 24.9 | 41.7 | 66.8 | 91.0 | |
Kruskal-Wallis test is used for quantitative data. Chi-2 or Fisher exact test [*] is used for binary variables. For qualitative variables with more than 2 possibilities, the Monte Carlo estimates of the exact p-values are used. IQR, interquartile range.