Table 2.

Studies evaluating heterogeneous vaccine types within the past 44 years. IRES, Internal Ribosome Entry Site; NHP, non-human primates; nsP, non-structural protein.

VACCINE TYPE	STUDY TYPE	MODE	REFERENCE
LIVE ATTENUATED	Mice	Subgenomic promoter replaced by IRES from encephalomyocarditis virus	Plante et al. 2011135
	Primates		Roy et al. 2014115
	Mice	Passages in green monkey kidney cells and MRC 5 cells	Levitt et al. 1986163
	Humans: Phase I		McClain et al. 1998131
	Humans: Phase II		Edelman et al. 2000132
	Mice	Deleting E2 and passages in baby hamster cells and mosquito cell lines	Piper et al. 2013164
	Mice	Passage in Chinese hamster ovarian fibroblasts and mosquito cells	Gardner et al. 2014173
	Mice	Deleting nsP	Hallengärd et al. 201422
	Mice	Deleting 6K	Hallengärd et al. 201422
INACTIVATED	Humans: Phase I	Formalin inactivated	Harrison et al. 1971128
	Primates	Formalin or UV-light inactivated	Nakao and Hotta 1973165
	Mice	Formalin inactivated	Tiwari et al. 2009125
	Mice	Formalin inactivated	Kumar et al. 2012124
	Mice	BPL inactivated	Kumar et al. 2012124
SUBUNITS	Mice	Bacterially produced E1	Khan et al. 2012123
	Mice	Bacterially produced E2	Khan et al. 2012123
	Mice	Bacterially produced E2	Kumar et al. 2012124
DNA	Mice	Expression of E1, E2, E3	Muthumani et al. 2008166
	Mice	Expression of C, E1, E2	Mallilankaraman et al. 2011167
			Bao et al. 2013168
	Mice	Expression of nsP3	Hällengard et al. 201422
	Mice	Expression of 6K	Hällengard et al. 201422
	Mice	Immunization DNA encoding the full length infectious genome	Tretyakova et al. 2014122
	Mice	Expression of 6K, E1, E2, E3	Hällengard et al. 201422
VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES/SUBUNITS	Mice	Transfection of human embryonic kidney cells with plasmid	Akahata et al. 2010139
	Primates	DNA encoding C, 6K, E1, E2, E3	Akahata and Nabel 2012169
	Humans: Phase I		Chang et al. 2014133
	Mice	Production in insect cells (Baculovirus)	Metz et al. 2013138
RECOMBINANT VECTOR	Mice	Eastern equine encephalitis virus as vector	Wang et al. 2008117
	Mice	Adenovirus as vector	Wang et al. 2011118
	Mice	Vesicular stomatitis virus as vector	Chattopadhyay et al. 2013119
	Mice	Poxvirus as vector	Garcia-Arriaza et al. 2014120
	Mice	Measles virus as vector	Brandler et al. 201348
	Humans: Phase I		Ramsauer et al. 2015127