Table 3.
Model I | Model II | Model III | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR(95%CI) | P | OR(95%CI) | P | OR(95%CI) | P | |
PHQ‐9 score ≥10 | 1.56 (1.06–2.30) | 0.023 | 1.56 (1.05–2.32) | 0.028 | 1.48 (0.99–2.21) | 0.058 |
Demographic characteristics | ||||||
Age, years | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | <0.001 | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | <0.001 | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | <0.001 |
Men | 0.87 (0.71–1.06) | 0.165 | 0.85 (0.69–1.05) | 0.123 | 0.84 (0.68–1.04) | 0.104 |
Duration of diabetes, years | 1.09 (1.08–1.11) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.07–1.11) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.07–1.11) | <0.001 |
Current smoker | 1.65 (1.26–2.15) | <0.001 | 1.59 (1.21–2.09) | 0.001 | 1.53 (1.16–2.02) | 0.003 |
Low education (<6 years) | 1.75 (1.33–2.31) | <0.001 | 1.64 (1.24–2.18) | 0.001 | 1.58 (1.19–2.11) | 0.002 |
Clinical characteristics † | ||||||
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 1.10 (1.07–1.13) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.07–1.13) | <0.001 | ||
Coronary heart disease | 1.17 (0.83–1.66) | 0.370 | 1.16 (0.82–1.64) | 0.411 | ||
Sensory neuropathy | 1.22 (0.92–1.63) | 0.169 | 1.21 (0.91–1.61) | 0.196 | ||
Use of insulin | 2.72 (2.17–3.41) | <0.001 | 2.79 (2.22–3.50) | <0.001 | ||
Self‐care and medication adherence | ||||||
SDSCA general diet | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) | 0.007 | ||||
SDSCA exercise | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 0.679 | ||||
Medication adherence score ‡ | 0.90 (0.82–1.00) | 0.043 |
PHQ‐9, Patient Health Questionnaire‐9; SDSCA, Summary of Diabetes Self‐care Activities, score ranges from 0 to 7, with higher score indicating better adherence to recommended self‐care regimen.
*HbA1c ≥7.0% was used as the reference dependent outcome. Clinical characteristics and self‐care behaviors significant at P < 0.1 level were sequentially entered into the model. All models were adjusted for study sites.
†Waist circumference was not adjusted for due to collinearity with body mass index.
‡Medication adherence score (range: 0–4) was used as a continuous variable in the model. Higher score indicates better medication adherence.