Table 3.
Ambient conditions, and thermal, cardiovascular, skin blood flow and perceptual responses at Baseline and upon the decision to initiate the first and the final thermal behavior.
| C→W |
W→C |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | First Behavior | Final Behavior | First Behavior | Final Behavior | |
| Ambient conditions | |||||
| Cool room temperature (°C) | 23 ± 1 | 21 ± 2B | 18 ± 1B,1 | — | — |
| Cool room humidity (%) | 58 ± 8 | 49 ± 5B | 51 ± 5B | — | — |
| Warm room temperature (°C) | 40 ± 0 | — | — | 40 ± 1 | 40 ± 0 |
| Warm room relative humidity (%) | 22 ± 2 | — | — | 21± 1 | 22 ± 0 |
| Time before behaving (min) | — | 10.4 ± 5.9 | 9.2 ± 3.6 | 13.4 ± 7.8 | 13.8 ± 5.2 |
| Body temperatures | |||||
| Rectal temperature (°C) | 37.0 ± 0.2 | 36.9 ± 0.2 * | 36.7 ± 0.2B,1 | 36.8 ± 0.2B | 36.7 ± 0.2B,1 |
| Mean skin temperature (°C) | 33.2 ± 0.7 | 32.6 ± 0.8 *,B | 33.9 ± 0.6 *,B,1 | 35.4 ± 0.9B | 36.4 ± 0.5B,1 |
| Forearm temperature (°C) | 31.5 ± 1.5 | 30.3 ± 1.3 *,B | 32.2 ± 0.7 *,B | 34.5 ± 1.4B | 36.4 ± 0.9B,1 |
| Fingertip temperature (°C) | 30.5 ± 4.1 | 25.6 ± 3.9 *,B | 26.5 ± 4.3 *,B | 35.8 ± 1.2 B | 36.5 ± 1.5 B |
| Cardiovascular measures | |||||
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 93 ± 5 | 99 ± 10 *,B | 100 ± 7 *,B | 88 ± 10B | 89 ± 8B |
| Cardiac output (L/min) | 5.1 ± 1.4 | 5.2 ± 1.4 * | 4.9 ± 1.2 * | 5.7 ± 1.5B | 5.5 ± 1.5B |
| Stroke volume (mL/beat) | 77 ± 19 | 78 ± 19 * | 78 ± 19 * | 77 ± 19 | 76 ± 20 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 67 ± 11 | 66 ± 11 * | 63 ±10 * | 73 ± 13B | 72 ± 11B |
| Skin blood flow | |||||
| Skin blood flow (clamped, PU) | 44 ± 25 | 42 ± 8 * | 37 ± 16 * | 63 ± 24B | 70 ± 25B |
| Skin blood flow (not clamped, PU) | 17 ± 9 | 11 ± 5 * | 18 ± 8 * | 36 ± 23 | 59 ± 41B |
| Skin blood flow (fingertip, PU) | 204 ± 102 | 84 ± 64 *,B | 84 ± 70 *,B | 340 ± 105B | 341 ± 156B |
| Forearm to finger gradient (°C) | 0.9 ± 2.8 | 4.7 ± 3.2 *,B | 5.7 ± 4.3 *,B | −1.3 ± 2.0 B | −0.1 ± 1.0 1 |
| Perceptual measures | |||||
| Affect (a.u.) | 3.2 ± 1.9 | 2.3 ± 1.7B | 1.5 ± 1.9B,1 | 2.1 ± 1.7B | 1.7 ± 1.9B |
| Thermal sensation (a.u.) | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 2.7 ± 0.4 *,B | 2.5 ± 0.7 *,B | 5.5 ± 0.4 B | 5.6 ± 0.5 B |
| Thermal discomfort (a.u.) | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.4 *,B | 1.8 ± 0.4 *,B | 2.1 ± 0.4 B | 2.2 ± 0.6 B |
| Sweating perception (a.u.) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 * | 0.0 ± 0.0 * | 0.6 ± 0.6 B | 0.9 ± 0.7 B |
| Shivering perception (a.u.) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 1.0 *,B | 1.3 ± 1.7 *,B | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
Mean ± SD, C→W: the decision to move from cool to warm, W→C: the decision to move from warm to cool
*
Different from W→C (P ≤ 0.04)
B
Different from Baseline (P ≤ 0.03)
1
Different from First Behavior (P ≤ 0.03).