(A) PBS, venom (V), or venom plus lateral oviduct (V+LO) was injected at indicated intervals before or after injection of venom. Survival rates of test larvae injected the LO factor 2 h after the venom injection: 12.6 ± 9.5% at 48 h, 8.5 ± 5.4% at 72 h, 0% at 96 h. Each value represents the mean ± S.D. for seven independent experiments performed separately. Significant differences are indicated by Tukey’s HSD (*P<0.05, **P<0.01). (B) PBS, venom (V), venom pretreated with lateral oviduct (LO-V), venom plus lateral oviduct (V+LO), or hemolymph of D. melanogaster larvae that had been pretreated with PBS (PBS-Hl) or lateral oviduct (LO-Hl) was injected. Each value represents the mean ± S.D. for six independent experiments performed separately. Significant differences are indicated by Tukey’s HSD (**P<0.01).