Table 3.
Bioactive factors in human normal pregnancy and preeclampsia
| Factor | Specimen (Units) | Normal pregnancy | Preeclampsia | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VEGF | Serum (ng/mL) Serum (pg/mL) Serum (pg/mL) Plasma (ng/mL) Villous explants (ng/mL/mg protein) |
13.9 14.20±14.54SD 90.55 (90–521) 6.83 (5.32–8.94) 55±64 |
51.7 314.45±260.74SD 90 (90–211) 25.24 (21.22–42.92) 117±3.7 |
(Hunter et al., 2000) (Celik et al., 2013) (Masoura et al., 2014) (Tsatsaris et al., 2003) (Ahmad and Ahmed, 2004) |
| PlGF | Serum (pg/mL) Serum (pg/mL) Serum (pg/mL) Plasma (pg/mL) Plasma (pg/mL) |
432.9 (359.6–815.2) 217.30±74.48 183 (126–307) 585.9 (356–1101) 324.6 (101.8–881.4) ≤34 weeks 206.8 (60.9–395.7) >34 weeks |
65.5 (33.0–101.2) 115.72±32.55 98.0 (63.7–146) 67.41 (57.1–118.5) 18.3 (9.9–22.5) Early PE 82.6 (57.1–215.6) Late-PE |
(Ramma et al., 2012) (Bian et al., 2015) (Molvarec et al., 2015) (Tsatsaris et al., 2003) (March et al., 2015) |
| sFlt-1 | Serum (ng/mL) Serum (ng/mL) Serum (ng/mL) Serum (pg/mL) Plasma (ng/mL) Plasma (pg/mL) Villous explants (ng/mL/mg protein) |
1.5 (1.1–1.8) 1.8±1.6SD 0.308±0.019 3252 (2509–4751) 0.12 (0–0.29) 3391 (2412–4918) ≤34 weeks 4378 (2618–5731) >34 weeks 28±1.7 |
21.5 (15.2–30.5) 6.6±5.5SD 0.321±0.023 6814 (3736–12.720) 2.69 (2.31–2.97) 12895 (8303–17417) Early PE 6304 (3127–10638) Late PE 128±9.8 |
(Ramma et al., 2012) (Tuzcu et al., 2015) (Bian et al., 2015) (Molvarec et al., 2015) (Tsatsaris et al., 2003) (March et al., 2015) (Ahmad and Ahmed, 2004) |
| sFlt-1 e15a | Serum (pg/mL) | ~10000 | ~80000 | (Palmer et al., 2015) |
|
sFlt-1/PlGF ratio |
Serum Plasma |
15.6 (8.52–36.6) 9.6 (3.5–58.6) ≤34 weeks 22.4 (10.2–58.7) >34 weeks |
70.5 (31.8–144) 703.1 (146.6–1614.9) Early PE 77.0 (18.3–145.1) Late PE |
(Molvarec et al., 2015) (March et al., 2015) |
| sEng | Serum (ng/mL) Serum (ng/mL) Serum (ng/mL) Serum (ng/mL) |
~10 4.3 (3.5–6.1) 9.8 13.3 |
~38 Mild PE ~50 Severe PE ~100 HELLP 70.1 (41.3–109.4) 46.4 Early PE 31.0 Late PE |
(Venkatesha et al., 2006) (Ramma et al., 2012) (Levine et al., 2006) (Levine et al., 2006) |
| TNF-α | Serum (pg/mL) Monocytes supernatant (pg/mL) |
14.62±5.61 ~25 |
26.49±12.14 ~130 |
(Cakmak et al., 2016) (Matias et al., 2015) |
| LIGHT | Plasma (pg/mL) | ~2 | ~46 | (Wang et al., 2014) |
| IL-6 | Serum (pg/mL) | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | 1.1 (0.6–7.9) | (Ramma et al., 2012) |
| IL-1β | Serum (pg/mL) Monocytes supernatant (pg/mL) |
0.10 ~260 |
0.16 ~600 |
(Siljee et al., 2013) (Matias et al., 2015) |
| IL-17 | Serum (pg/mL) | 0 | 0.47 (0–0.53) | (Molvarec et al., 2015) |
| IL-18 | Monocytes supernatant (pg/mL) |
~14 | ~22 | (Matias et al., 2015) |
| HIF-1α | Blood (µL) | ~0.8 | ~2.4 | (Akhilesh et al., 2013) |
| O2•− | Neutrophills Monocytes |
3.63±0.91 nmol/106 cellsSD ~1.7 nmol/105 cells |
6.20±0.92 nmol/106 cellsSD ~2.2 nmol/105 cells |
(Tsukimori et al., 2005) (Peracoli et al., 2011) |
| H2O2 | Monocytes | ~1.4 nmol/105 cells | ~1.7 nmol/105 cells | (Peracoli et al., 2011) |
| HO-1 mRNA | Blood (RC) | 9.87 (8.61–10.53) | 9.13 (5.42–10.19) | (Nakamura et al., 2009) |
| HO-2 mRNA | Blood (RC) | 7.05 (3.19–7.47) | 6.81 (4.73–7.34) | (Nakamura et al., 2009) |
| SOD mRNA | Blood (RC) | 5.91 (4.95–6.44) | 5.40 (3.90–6.23) | (Nakamura et al., 2009) |
| GPx mRNA | Blood (RC) | 7.56 (7.03–8.10) | 6.90 (4.54–7.52) | (Nakamura et al., 2009) |
| CAT mRNA | Blood (RC) | 7.38 (4.39–7.77) | 7.07 (4.90–7.63) | (Nakamura et al., 2009) |
| TAOC | Serum (mmol/L) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 0.5 (0.2–0.6) | (Turpin et al., 2015) |
| Ang II | Chorionic villi | 15±2 fmol/mg protein | 26±6 fmol/mg protein | (Anton et al., 2008) |
| AT1R mRNA | Chorionic villi (RGE) |
1.0±0.1 | 3.0±0.7 | (Anton et al., 2008) |
| AT1-AA | Serum (OD) Serum (OD) Serum (RLU) % Over baseline |
0.27±0.12 0.315±0.093 ~12 |
0.54±0.13 OD 0.703±0.132 Early PE 0.567±0.111 Late PE ~75 |
(Bai et al., 2013) (Yang et al., 2015) (Siddiqui et al., 2013) |
| MMP-1 | Umbilical serum (pg/mL) |
294.33±11.53 | 177.67±12.63 | (Deng et al., 2015) |
| MMP-2 | Serum (ng/mL) Plasma (ng/mL) |
669 (560–760) 241.1±35.3SD |
834 (656–1002) 290.5±48.4SD |
(Montagnana et al., 2009) (Eleuterio et al., 2015) |
| MMP-9 | Serum (ng/mL) Plasma (ng/mL) |
390 (277–569) 240.0±197.7SD |
290 (280–470) 262.4±153.8SD |
(Montagnana et al., 2009) (Eleuterio et al., 2015) |
| TIMP-1 | Serum (ng/mL) Plasma (ng/mL) Umbilical serum (pg/mL) |
148 (121–188) 142.8±39.2SD 1304.20±69.66 |
213 (212–220) 187.1±35.4SD 1363.00±71.50 |
(Montagnana et al., 2009) (Eleuterio et al., 2015) (Deng et al., 2015) |
| TIMP-2 | Serum (ng/mL) Plasma (ng/mL) |
228 (207–267) 158.3±32.3SD |
232 (225–245) 194.3±49.3SD |
(Montagnana et al., 2009) (Eleuterio et al., 2015) |
| Uric acid | Serum (µM) | 185 (28.7–642) 1st trimester 217 (102–428) 2nd trimester 278 (68.4–535) 3rd trimester |
191 (120–457) 1st trimester 215(130–248) 2nd trimester 350 (157–720) 3rd trimester |
(Chen et al., 2016) |
Values represent means±standard error of the mean.
SD
indicates standard deviation.
Numbers in parenthesis indicates range.
AngII, angiotensin II; AT1-AA, AngII AT1R agonistic autoantibodies; AT1R, angiotensin II type 1 receptor; CAT, catalase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; HO, hemeoxygenase; IL, interleukin; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; O2•−, superoxide anion; PE, preeclampsia; PlGF, placental growth factor; sEng, soluble endoglin; sFlt-1, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TAOC, total antioxidant capacity; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; OD, optical density measured by spectrophotometry; RC, relative concentration to total mRNA extracted from Norm-Preg placenta; RGE, relative gene expression of target gene compared to expression in Norm-Preg; RLU, relative light unit from CHO.AT1A cells encoding rat AT1R and luciferase reporter