A–C, Alizarin Red staining shows calcific nodules of PAVICs placed in osteogenic growth media (OGM) after 10 days. D,E, Quantification of calcific nodules per well and Alizarin Red activity. Scale bar=0.5mm. F, qRT-PCR shows differences in gene expression among PAVICs in the three conditions compared to OGM. Bars that do not share any letters are significantly different according to a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test (p<0.01, n=4).