The relationship between gender, race/ethnicity, degree, and the probability of being awarded an R01 grant from the National Institutes of Health. Panel A: The probability by gender, race/ethnicity, and degree of an application receiving an R01 award. Panel B: The probability by gender, race/ethnicity, and degree of an applicant (2000–2006) receiving at least one R01 award between 1980 and 2006.