Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Acad Med. 2016 Aug;91(8):1098–1107. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001278

Table 3.

Probit Models of the Marginal Effects of Race/Ethnicity and Gender on the Probability for Applicants of Receiving a National Institutes of Health R01 Type 1 Awarda

Category Applications (2000–2006)
Applicants
1: New investigator 2: Experienced investigator 3: Resubmission 4: New investigator resubmission 5: At least one funded R01 award, 1980–2006b 6: At least one funded R01 award, 1980–2006b 7: Total applications, 2000–2006 8: New investigator under the age of 50 single submission, 2000–2006
PhD sample
 Women 0.019*** [0.005] 0.005 [0.007] 0.013** [0.005] 0.015* [0.007] −0.019** [0.007] 0.001 [0.007] −0.144*** [0.014] 0.027*** [0.007]
 Asians −0.031*** [0.008] −0.060*** [0.010] −0.029*** [0.008] −0.016 [0.010] −0.043*** [0.012] −0.055*** [0.012] 0.258*** [0.029] −0.004 [0.012]
 Blacks −0.103*** [0.014] −0.104*** [0.027] −0.085*** [0.016] −0.094*** [0.019] −0.217*** [0.025] −0.222*** [0.027] 0.066 [0.053] 0.167*** [0.031]
 Hispanics 0.004 [0.014] −0.041* [0.018] −0.002 [0.013] 0.018 [0.017] −0.047* [0.019] −0.035 [0.019] 0.026 [0.040] −0.006 [0.017]
 R01 applications 0.048*** [0.002]
 No. observations 34,775 32,341 58,589 30,983 33,442 33,442 33,442 16,075
MD sample
 Women 0.020* [0.010] −0.009 [0.012] −0.002 [0.008] 0.007 [0.011] −0.009 [0.012] 0.015 [0.011] −0.090** [0.028] 0.012 [0.012]
 Asians −0.036** [0.012] −0.005 [0.015] −0.020 [0.011] −0.025 [0.014] −0.084*** [0.017] −0.078*** [0.018] 0.219*** [0.046] 0.029 [0.018]
 Blacks −0.080*** [0.024] −0.094* [0.038] −0.060* [0.028] −0.075* [0.030] −0.149*** [0.040] −0.145*** [0.040] 0.226 [0.119] 0.055 [0.042]
 Hispanics 0.010 [0.019] −0.010 [0.024] −0.032* [0.016] −0.033 [0.021] −0.068** [0.026] −0.044 [0.026] 0.006 [0.061] 0.049* [0.026]
 R01 applications 0.059*** [0.003]
 No. observations 14,026 16,709 26,471 12,518 13,980 13,980 13,982 6,448
a

Models include Model 5 controls for demographic characteristics, education and training, employer characteristics, National Institutes of Health experience, field, year, and researcher productivity. Estimates are marginal effects that report the change in probability of receiving an R01 award given an infinitesimal change in the continuous independent variables. Marginal effects on dummy variables report the change in probability of receiving an R01 award given a change in the dummy variable from 0 to 1. Multiply marginal effects by 100 to obtain percentage points. Robust standard errors are given in brackets. Data sources: National Institutes of Health Information for Management, Planning, Analysis, and Coordination grants management database, Association of American Medical Colleges Faculty Roster, and National Science Foundation Survey of Earned Doctorates.

*

P < .05,

**

P < .01,

***

P < .001.

b

Columns 5 and 6 report the same outcome, but Column 6 includes an additional control variable (the total number of R01 applications submitted).