Table 5.
Importance of Mentor Similarity Characteristics and Their Association with Respondents’ Mentor Status, Career, and Personal Characteristics for 3,100 Female Faculty from 13 Medical Schools Participating in the Women and Inclusion in Academic Medicine Study, 2012a
| Same Institution
|
Same Department
|
Same Personal Interest |
Same Career Interest
|
Same Gender
|
Same Race/Ethnicity
|
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | SE | CI | OR | SE | CI | OR | SE | CI | OR | SE | CI | OR | SE | CI | OR | SE | CI | |
| Current and prior mentor status | ||||||||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Have a mentor currently | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | ---- | 1.00 | -- | -- |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Had a mentor in past, but not currently | 0.78b | 0.08 | 0.63–0.98 | 0.78c | 0.07 | 0.65–0.92 | 0.99 | 0.11 | 0.80–1.24 | 1.03 | 0.10 | 0.85–1.25 | 1.31b | 0.14 | 1.05–1.64 | 1.23 | 0.15 | 0.95–1.60 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Never had a mentor | 0.8 | 0.11 | 0.61–1.06 | 0.82 | 0.10 | 0.63–1.06 | 1.1 | 0.14 | 0.86–1.41 | 1.02 | 0.12 | 0.81–1.29 | 1.62c | 0.24 | 1.19–2.20 | 1.74b | 0.34 | 1.14–2.66 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Career characteristics | ||||||||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Rank | ||||||||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Full professor | 0.56d | 0.08 | 0.42–0.75 | 0.45d | 0.07 | 0.33–0.62 | 0.92 | 0.14 | 0.68–1.24 | 1.03 | 0.14 | 0.78–1.35 | 0.82 | 0.11 | 0.63–1.08 | 0.87 | 0.15 | 0.63–1.22 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Associate professor | 0.83 | 0.09 | 0.68–1.02 | 0.77b | 0.08 | 0.63–0.96 | 0.98 | 0.11 | 0.79–1.21 | 1.00 | 0.10 | 0.81–1.21 | 0.86 | 0.09 | 0.70–1.05 | 0.90 | 0.11 | 0.75–1.15 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Assistant professor | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Instructor | 0.92 | 0.12 | 0.70–1.22 | 1.09 | 0.13 | 0.85–1.36 | 1.14 | 0.12 | 0.92–1.41 | 0.93 | 0.13 | 0.70–1.23 | 1.36c | 0.15 | 1.09–1.68 | 0.99 | 0.14 | 0.75–1.31 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Degree type | ||||||||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Medical | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Medical and doctorate | 0.85 | 0.13 | 0.63–1.16 | 0.67b | 0.11 | 0.47–0.95 | 0.92 | 0.15 | 0.66–1.26 | 1.14 | 0.18 | 0.83–1.57 | 0.80 | 0.13 | 0.57–1.11 | 1.02 | 0.22 | 0.67–1.59 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Doctorate | 0.98 | 0.08 | 0.84–1.14 | 0.9 | 0.07 | 0.77–1.04 | 0.83 | 0.09 | 0.67–1.03 | 1.19b | 0.10 | 1.00–1.42 | 0.99 | 0.10 | 0.80–1.21 | 1.13 | 0.14 | 0.89–1.44 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Masters/bachelors | 1.29 | 0.41 | 0.69–2.41 | 1.01 | 0.31 | 0.56–1.84 | 0.69 | 0.23 | 0.36–1.33 | 1.18 | 0.50 | 0.47–2.96 | 1.17 | 0.38 | 0.62–2.22 | 1.14 | 0.49 | 0.48–2.75 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Personal and demographic characteristics | ||||||||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Racial/ethnic group | ||||||||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Hispanic | 0.89 | 0.15 | 0.63–1.25 | 0.79 | 0.11 | 0.59–1.04 | 1.32 | 0.26 | 0.87–1.99 | 1.09 | 0.23 | 0.70–1.71 | 1.19 | 0.18 | 0.88–1.59 | 2.53d | 0.48 | 1.73–3.72 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 1.17 | 0.13 | 0.94–1.46 | 1.3b | 0.15 | 1.04–1.63 | 1.07 | 0.14 | 0.82–1.39 | 1.08 | 0.12 | 0.86–1.36 | 1.23 | 0.17 | 0.92–1.63 | 1.37b | 0.18 | 1.07–1.76 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.68b | 0.12 | 0.48–0.95 | 0.78 | 0.13 | 0.56–1.08 | 1.14 | 0.28 | 0.68–1.91 | 0.75 | 0.14 | 0.52–1.10 | 1.50b | 0.28 | 1.03–2.19 | 5.44d | 1.22 | 3.42–8.65 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Multiple races | 1.02 | 0.25 | 0.63–1.64 | 0.96 | 0.23 | 0.59–1.54 | 0.78 | 0.21 | 0.46–1.32 | 0.84 | 0.21 | 0.52–1.36 | 1.10 | 0.34 | 0.58–2.07 | 1.78 | 0.54 | 0.98–3.25 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Other/decline to answer | 0.81 | 0.15 | 0.55–1.18 | 0.82 | 0.15 | 0.58–1.17 | 1.19 | 0.27 | 0.73–1.93 | 0.89 | 0.20 | 0.56–1.41 | 1.30 | 0.26 | 0.85–1.95 | 1.52 | 0.48 | 0.75–3.08 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign Born | 1.13 | 0.13 | 0.90–1.42 | 1.21 | 0.13 | 0.91–1,34 | 0.89 | 0.11 | 0.69–1.16 | 0.94 | 0.12 | 0.70–1.25 | 1.12 | 0.13 | 0.87–1.45 | 1.00 | 0.12 | 0.79–1.26 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| US Born | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Age group | ||||||||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| ≤44 | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| 45–55 | 0.95 | 0.11 | 0.74–1.21 | 0.93 | 0.09 | 0.76–1.14 | 0.9 | 0.09 | 0.74–1.10 | 0.83b | 0.09 | 0.66–1.04 | 0.97 | 0.10 | 0.8–1.18 | 1.19 | 0.14 | 0.95–1.50 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| >55 | 0.88 | 0.12 | 0.66–1.16 | 0.91 | 0.13 | 0.68–1.23 | 0.78 b | 0.1 | 0.61–1.01 | 0.62d | 0.08 | 0.47–0.81 | 0.87 | 0.11 | 0.67–1.12 | 1.32 | 0.25 | 0.89–1.96 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Current/past care responsibilities for dependent child or children | ||||||||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Yes, within last 2 years | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Yes, more than 2 years age | 1.21 | 0.13 | 0.97–1.51 | 1.16 | 0.13 | 0.93–1.44 | 1.07 | 0.11 | 0.87–1.30 | 1.04 | 0.13 | 0.81–1.33 | 0.83 | 0.09 | 0.68–1.01 | 0.96 | 0.14 | 0.71–1.29 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| No | 1.04 | 0.09 | 0.87–1.25 | 1.03 | 0.1 | 0.86–1.25 | 1.03 | 0.1 | 0.86–1.24 | 1.11 | 0.12 | 0.88–1.40 | 0.89 | 0.08 | 0.74–1.07 | 0.95 | 0.10 | 0.77–1.17 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Race/ethnicity*fo reign-born interaction effects | ||||||||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white*US-born | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- | 1.00 | -- | -- |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white*foreign-born | 1.19 | 0.17 | 0.88–1.61 | 1.07 | 0.16 | 0.79–1.45 | 1.05 | 0.15 | 0.80–1.39 | 1.10 | 0.17 | 0.79–1.54 | 0.94 | 0.14 | 0.69–1.29 | 1.14 | 0.18 | 0.83–1.56 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Hispanic* foreign-born | 0.91 | 0.20 | 0.59–1.40 | 0.78 | 0.19 | 0.48–1.27 | 1.38 | 0.37 | 0.79–2.40 | 1.10 | 0.27 | 0.67–1.81 | 0.92 | 0.20 | 0.59–1.41 | 2.05c | 0.48 | 1.29–3.24 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Hispanic*U.S.-born | 0.96 | 0.20 | 0.64–1.46 | 0.85 | 0.17 | 0.57–1.26 | 1.36 | 0.35 | 0.78–2.37 | 1.14 | 0.26 | 0.71–1.83 | 1.34 | 0.25 | 0.93–1.93 | 3.08d | 0.77 | 1.84–5.15 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic Asian*foreign-born | 1.33 | 0.20 | 0.97–1.81 | 1.47c | 0.19 | 1.14–1.90 | 1.24 | 0.17 | 0.94–1.63 | 1.24 | 0.23 | 0.84–1.84 | 1.16 | 0.15 | 0.91–1.49 | 1.51c | 0.24 | 1.10–2.06 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic Asian*U.S.-born | 1.19 | 0.21 | 0.83–1.70 | 1.26 | 0.23 | 0.87–1.83 | 1.01 | 0.18 | 0.69–1.46 | 0.99 | 0.14 | 0.74–1.32 | 1.15 | 0.22 | 0.76–1.75 | 1.26 | 0.24 | 0.87–1.84 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic black*foreign-born | 0.67 | 0.22 | 0.35–1.27 | 1.05 | 0.33 | 0.57–1.93 | 1.33 | 0.55 | 0.56–3.15 | 0.81 | 0.28 | 0.40–1.62 | 1.21 | 0.44 | 0.59–2.50 | 4.04d | 1.35 | 2.09–7.80 |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic black*U.S.-born | 0.71 | 0.14 | 0.48–1.05 | 0.73 | 0.15 | 0.49–1.09 | 1.12 | 0.28 | 0.67–1.89 | 0.76 | 0.15 | 0.50–1.13 | 1.55b | 0.31 | 1.04–2.31 | 6.06d | 1.49 | 3.63–10.11 |
Abbreviations: OR indicates odds ratio; SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval.
a
Imputed survey data from the Women and Inclusion in Academic Medicine study, 2012, conducted by Converge: Building Inclusion in the Sciences, the research and evaluation arm of the Harvard Medical School Office for Diversity Inclusion and Community Partnership, to examine the characteristics and interrelationships of institutional, individual, and sociocultural factors that influence the entry, progression, and persistence of women faculty in academic medicine.
b
P < .05
c
P <.01
d
P <.001