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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2016 Sep;28(5):468–476. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000307

Table I.

Potential Imaging and Vascular Function Screening tools for CVD in SLE

Tool Measures Abnormal in SLE
US for CIMT and carotid plaque (78) (85) Carotid artery intima media thickness, subclinical atherosclerosis; association with coronary atherosclerosis x
Flow mediated vasodilation (FMD) (79, 80) Non-invasive method to evaluate endothelial dysfunction in conduit vessels x
Reactive hyperemia- peripheral arterial tonometry (RH-PAT) (79, 80) Non-invasive method to evaluate endothelial dysfunction in microvessels. Associates with coronary involvement ?
(18)FDG PET CT or MRI(84) Quantifies uptake by inflammatory cells in the aortic tree. ?
Pulse wave velocity (PWV)(42, 86) Non invasive measure of arterial stiffness, but depends on blood pressure; associates with CV risk. x
Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI)(87) Non-invasive measure of arterial stiffness, independent of blood pressure; associates with coronary abnormalities. ?