Table 1.
Arbovirus families: vectors, geographical distribution, and the illnesses they cause
| Family | Virus | Vector | Geographical distribution | Systemic illnesses | Neurologic diseases |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Togaviridae | EEEV | Mosquito (Culiseta, Aedes) | Eastern and Gulf coasts of USA, Caribbean islands, Central America, north-east South America | Flu-like illness with nausea and vomiting | Meningoencephalitis, coma |
| WEEV | Mosquito (Culiseta, Culex) | Mid-west and western USA, Canada | Febrile illness | Encephalitis | |
| VEEV | Mosquito (Culex, Aedes) | South and Central Americas, south-east and south-west USA | Flu-like illness | Encephalitis | |
| CHIKV | Mosquito (Aedes) | Africa, India, Southeast Asia, Caribbean islands, south-east USA | Fever, rash, arthralgias, myalgias | Rare encephalitis, GBS | |
| Flaviviridae | SLEV | Mosquito (Culex) | North, Central, and South America | Flu-like illness with nausea | Meningitis, encephalitis, coma |
| JEV | Mosquito (Culex) | Japan, North-East, South-East, and Central Asia, Indian subcontinent | – | Meningoencephalitis with seizures | |
| WNV | Mosquito (Culex) | Africa, Mediterranean region, Central Asia, India, Europe, North, Central, and South Americas | Flu-like illness | Meningitis, flaccid paralysis, encephalitis | |
| ZIKV | Mosquito (Aedes), sexual transmission | Africa, India, South-East Asia, Caribbean islands, Central, North, and South Americas | Flu-like illness with arthralgias, conjunctivitis | Meningoencephalitis, ADEM, GBS, IUGR, microcephaly | |
| DENV | Mosquito (Aedes) | Asia, tropical and subtropical regions of the world | Fever, rash, headache, myalgias, hemorrhagic fever | Encephalopathy, rare encephalitis | |
| MVEV | Mosquito (Culex, Aedes) | Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea | Flu-like illness with nausea | Encephalitis | |
| Bunyaviridae | CEV | Mosquito (Aedes) | Western USA | Flu-like illness with nausea and vomiting | Meningoencephalitis with seizures |
| LACV | Mosquito (Aedes) | Mid-west and eastern USA | – | Meningoencephalitis with seizures | |
| TOSV | Sandfly (Phlebotomus) | Europe, North Africa | – | Meningitis | |
| RVFV | Mosquito (Culex, Aedes) | East and South Africa, Saudi Arabia | Fever, hepatitis, hemorrhagic fever | Encephalitis | |
| Reoviridae | CTFV | Ticks (Dermacentor) | Rocky Mountains of the USA | Flu-like illness with nausea, vomiting, hepatitis, rash, hemorrhagic fever | Meningitis, encephalitis |
EEEV = eastern equine encephalitis virus; WEEV = western equine encephalitis virus; VEEV = Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus; CHIKV = Chikungunya virus; GBS = Guillain-Barré syndrome; SLEV = Saint Louis encephalitis virus; JEV = Japanese encephalitis virus; WNV = West Nile virus; ZIKV = Zika virus; ADEM = acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis; IUGR = intrauterine growth retardation; DENV = Dengue virus; MVEV = Murray Valley encephalitis virus; CEV = California encephalitis virus; LACV = La Crosse virus; TOSV = Toscana virus; RVFV = Rift Valley fever virus; CTFV = Colorado tick fever virus