Table 1.

Examples of traits and underpinning mechanisms conferring crop resistance or tolerance to target arthropod pests.

Defense strategy	Mechanism	Trait and mode of action	Target pest	Crop host	Reference
Resistance	(1) Chemical deterrence of pest settling and feeding	Engineered elevated production of repellent alarm pheromone	Myzus persicae	Triticum aestivum	Bruce et al., 2015
		HIPV-induced attraction of maize stemborer parasitoids	Chilo partellus	Cotesia sesamiae	Tamiru et al., 2015
		Plant elicitor peptides induce plant defenses that impair Beet armyworm growth and attract its parasitoids	Spodoptera exigua	Zea mays	Huffaker et al., 2013
	(2) Physical barriers to pest attachment, feeding and oviposition	Epicuticular waxes differentially affect herbivore attachment	Sitona lineatus, Acyrthosiphum pisum	Pisum sativum	White and Eigenbrode, 2000
		Leaf surface waxes contribute to reduced performance of diamondback moth on cabbage	Plutella xylostella	Brassica sp.	Hariprasad and van Emden, 2010
		Glandular trichomes reduce mite movement	Tetranychus urticae	Fragaria x ananassa	Figueiredo et al., 2013
		Glandular trichomes reduce growth of corn earworm Non glandular trichomes impair Colorado potato beetle feeding and growth	Helicoverpa zea Leptinotarsa decemlineata	Solanum lycopersicum	Tian et al., 2012
		High density of non glandular trichomes prevent mite oviposition on raspberry	Tetranychus urticae	Rubus idaeus	Graham et al., 2014; Karley et al., 2016
	(3) Reduced plant palatability	Gramine alkaloid decreased aphid feeding, growth and survival	Rhopalasiphum padi	Hordeum vulgare	Zúñiga and Corcuera, 1986
		Benzoxazinoid synthesis decreased aphid growth and survival	Rhopalasiphum padi	Zea mays	Ahmad et al., 2011
		Aliphatic and indole glucosinolates reduced larval consumption and growth and slowed development on mature plants	Mamestra brassicae Pieris rapae	Brassica oleracea var. acephala	Santolamazza-Carbone et al., 2016
		Diterpenoid kauralexins deter feeding of corn borer larvae	Ostrinia nubilalis	Zea mays	Schmelz et al., 2011
Tolerance	(1) Photosynthesis and growth	Stimulate growth	Amphorophora idaei	Rubus ideaus	Johnson et al., 2012; Karley et al., 2016
		Increased root vigor	Lepidiota stigma	Saccharum officinarum	Allsop and Cox, 2002
	(2) Phenology	Delayed allocation to roots	Diabrotica virgifera virgifera	Zea mays	Robert et al., 2015