Figure 1.

Epicutaneous CpG ODN adjuvantation at the time of immunization protects against flu infection. C57BL/6 mice immunized with (A) scOVA ± ecCpG ODN or (B) scOVA + sc or ecCpG ODN were infected with PR8-OVA virus intranasally 5 or 30 days post-immunization. Three days post-infection, lung homogenates were analyzed for plaque forming units. Bar graphs represent mean ± SD from two independent experiments (n = 9–11). Statistical significance comparing the immunized groups was analyzed by non-parametric two-tailed Mann–Whitney test *p < 0.05.