Table 4. VAS of the skin parameters.

Parameter	Group	(1) Before intake			(2) After intake			p-value
								(1) vs (2)	Amount of change*1
Condition of the skin across the whole face	Intake	4.4	±	2.1	5.1	±	2.2	0.001**	0.160
	Non-intake	4.1	±	2.6	4.3	±	2.5	0.974
Presence of wrinkles	Intake	6.8	±	2.6	6.1	±	3.0	0.009**	0.622
	Non-intake	6.2	±	3.5	5.4	±	2.9	0.145
Skin tension and elasticity	Intake	5.4	±	2.3	5.8	±	2.4	0.228	0.684
	Non-intake	4.9	±	2.1	4.9	±	2.1	0.808
Color of the skin under the eyes	Intake	4.7	±	2.9	4.6	±	2.9	0.787	0.399
	Non-intake	3.9	±	2.9	4.4	±	3.0	0.289
Dryness of the skin	Intake	4.1	±	2.8	4.2	±	2.7	0.829	0.952
	Non-intake	3.2	±	3.0	3.2	±	2.7	0.825
Edema of the skin	Intake	5.1	±	2.7	5.2	±	2.7	0.701	0.476
	Non-intake	4.7	±	2.7	5.1	±	2.7	0.494
Clearness of the skin	Intake	4.2	±	2.2	4.8	±	2.6	0.008**	0.024*
	Non-intake	4.5	±	2.0	3.9	±	1.8	0.230
Presence of blemishes	Intake	4.4	±	2.8	4.2	±	2.9	0.799	0.823
	Non-intake	4.4	±	2.8	4.4	±	2.7	0.886
Makeup application	Intake	4.7	±	2.4	4.8	±	2.4	0.518	0.111
	Non-intake	4.0	±	2.3	3.4	±	2.1	0.033*
Presence of facial pimples	Intake	4.6	±	2.8	4.9	±	2.9	0.205	0.281
	Non-intake	4.3	±	3.1	4.2	±	3.4	0.850
Smoothness of the skin	Intake	4.8	±	2.5	5.0	±	2.6	0.280	0.733
	Non-intake	4.3	±	1.9	4.5	±	2.1	0.639
Presence of sebum and dirt around the nose	Intake	2.9	±	2.4	3.4	±	2.5	0.014*	0.197
	Non-intake	3.1	±	2.5	2.8	±	2.3	0.749

Intake, n=81; non-intake, n=20. Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of each group. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 (Wilcoxon signed-rank test or Mann-Whitney U test).

A high value (nearing 10) indicated positive result.

^*1 Intake group (after-before) vs. non-intake group (after-before).