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. 2016 Jul 28;15:130. doi: 10.1186/s12934-016-0527-2

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© The Author(s) 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 9 — Hypothetical pathway of itaconic acid production in citB overexpressing A. niger mutants. Hypothetical pathway in citB overexpressing IA producing strains. CitB has no known mitochondrial targeting sequence and is thought to be located in the cytosol where it converts acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate into citrate. Citrate continues to be further processed by aconitase into cis-aconitate which eventually is decarboxylated by CadA into IA. Theoretically, cis-aconitate shuttling from mitochondria to cytoplasm by MttA is redundant in this novel pathway. Note that only direct pathway steps towards IA production are shown