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. 2015 Aug 7;7(6):1010–1035. doi: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1076601

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© 2015 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The moral rights of the named author(s) have been asserted.

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Figure 2. — Differences between cytoplasmic/nuclear intrabodies and ER intrabodies. Via their retention signal KDEL, ER intrabodies (A) retain antigens passing the ER by binding to them. As antibodies are naturally produced in the ER, no particular selection for special folding/stability properties is required. In contrast, cytoplasmic/nuclear intrabodies (B) need to fold correctly in the reducing milieu of the cytoplasm. Further, they need to be tested and screened to identify antibodies which are capable, in addition to binding, to neutralise or inactivate their target's activity in the cytoplasmic biochemical milieu.