Table 2.
Perception of service quality by holding NHIS by socioeconomic status among Ghanaian males
| Explanatory variables | Perception of service quality by holding NHIS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Better (%) | Same (%) | Worse (%) | N | |
| Highest educational level (χ 2 = 67.97; p < 0.000) | ||||
| No education | 47.3 | 21.0 | 31.7 | 266 |
| Primary | 43.1 | 37.5 | 19.5 | 282 |
| Secondary | 32.0 | 31.3 | 36.7 | 1,692 |
| Higher | 29.3 | 32.3 | 38.4 | 383 |
| Wealth index (χ 2 = 97.97; p < 0.000) | ||||
| Poorest | 48.1 | 25.7 | 26.2 | 460 |
| Poorer | 41.4 | 30.7 | 27.9 | 442 |
| Middle | 34.9 | 29.9 | 35.2 | 478 |
| Richer | 26.0 | 34.7 | 39.3 | 573 |
| Richest | 27.0 | 32.7 | 40.3 | 670 |
| Region (χ 2 = 420.75; p < 0.000) | ||||
| Western | 19.6 | 30.5 | 49.9 | 292 |
| Central | 67.0 | 15.4 | 17.6 | 193 |
| Greater Accra | 17.5 | 25.8 | 56.7 | 401 |
| Volta | 35.6 | 32.2 | 32.2 | 209 |
| Eastern | 33.3 | 37.6 | 29.1 | 269 |
| Ashanti | 34.3 | 41.4 | 24.3 | 544 |
| Brong-Ahafo | 16.2 | 43.0 | 40.8 | 271 |
| Northern | 53.0 | 13.7 | 33.3 | 244 |
| Upper East | 63.8 | 28.4 | 7.8 | 123 |
| Upper West | 54.5 | 18.8 | 26.6 | 75 |
| Type of place of residence (χ 2 = 29.80; p < 0.000) | ||||
| Urban | 28.2 | 34.9 | 36.9 | 1,354 |
| Rural | 40.9 | 27.0 | 32.1 | 1,271 |
| Current marital status (χ 2 = 10.75; p < 0.029) | ||||
| Never in union | 35.1 | 33.3 | 31.6 | 1,118 |
| Currently in union/living with a mans | 34.4 | 29.0 | 36.6 | 1,387 |
| Formerly in union/living with a man | 27.2 | 34.0 | 38.7 | 120 |
| Age (χ 2 = 38.01; p < 0.002) | ||||
| 15–19 | 37.4 | 36.3 | 26.3 | 562 |
| 20–24 | 35.0 | 28.3 | 36.7 | 331 |
| 25–29 | 39.5 | 28.6 | 31.9 | 301 |
| 30–34 | 27.9 | 29.9 | 42.2 | 298 |
| 35–39 | 30.9 | 27.6 | 41.4 | 309 |
| 40–44 | 33.7 | 26.2 | 40.1 | 277 |
| 45–49 | 32.0 | 30.6 | 37.4 | 220 |
| 50–54 | 37.4 | 34.1 | 28.5 | 184 |
| 55–59 | 31.3 | 38.0 | 30.7 | 150 |
| Religion (χ 2 = 32.52; p < 0.000) | ||||
| Orthodox | 31.9 | 32.3 | 35.9 | 716 |
| Pentecostal | 34.5 | 31.2 | 34.3 | 742 |
| Other Christian | 26.5 | 34.3 | 39.1 | 458 |
| Islam | 41.0 | 27.3 | 31.7 | 507 |
| Traditional/Others | 43.7 | 28.5 | 27.8 | 200 |
| Ethnicity (χ 2 = 132.48; p < 0.000) | ||||
| Akan | 30.6 | 32.5 | 36.9 | 1,287 |
| Ga/Dangme | 26.0 | 33.0 | 41.0 | 179 |
| Ewe | 31.1 | 29.5 | 39.5 | 339 |
| Mole-Dagbani | 43.8 | 27.9 | 28.3 | 444 |
| Gurma | 55.0 | 23.5 | 21.5 | 158 |
| Others | 34.1 | 35.9 | 30.0 | 216 |
| Occupation (χ 2 = 67.97; p < 0.000) | ||||
| Not working | 35.1 | 37.0 | 27.9 | 408 |
| Professional/Managerial | 32.5 | 27.3 | 40.2 | 435 |
| Sales/Services | 29.7 | 32.7 | 37.6 | 278 |
| Agricultural worker | 41.4 | 27.3 | 31.3 | 819 |
| Skilled/Unskilled | 29.1 | 33.4 | 37.4 | 671 |
Computed from 2014 GDHS