Table 3.
Logistic regression results on perceptions of healthcare quality under NHIS and ownership of health insurance
| Females | Males | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Explanatory factors | Model I | 95 % CI | Model II | 95 % CI | Model III | 95 % CI | Model IV | 95 % CI |
| Perception of NHIS quality | ||||||||
| Better | 1 | [1, 1] | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] |
| Same | 0.708** | [0.574,0.874] | 0.699** | [0.561,0.871] | 0.868 | [0.644,1.168] | 0.973 | [0.724,1.308] |
| Worse | 0.453*** | [0.373,0.549] | 0.456*** | [0.375,0.554] | 0.697* | [0.515,0.944] | 0.781 | [0.575,1.062] |
| Level of education | ||||||||
| None | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] | ||||
| Primary | 1.117 | [0.902,1.384] | 0.715 | [0.476,1.073] | ||||
| Secondary | 1.325** | [1.087,1.615] | 0.946 | [0.664,1.347] | ||||
| Higher/Tertiary | 2.196*** | [1.450,3.327] | 1.456 | [0.795,2.668] | ||||
| Wealth quintile | ||||||||
| Poorest | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] | ||||
| Poorer | 1.097 | [0.831,1.446] | 1.506* | [1.002,2.262] | ||||
| Middle | 1.181 | [0.884,1.578] | 1.465 | [0.933,2.298] | ||||
| Richer | 1.201 | [0.865,1.668] | 2.159** | [1.289,3.614] | ||||
| Richest | 1.709** | [1.183,2.470] | 3.047*** | [1.661,5.590] | ||||
| Region | ||||||||
| Western | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] | ||||
| Central | 0.763 | [0.521,1.116] | 1.871 | [0.968,3.617] | ||||
| Greater Accra | 1.272 | [0.800,2.023] | 2.051 | [1.000,4.208] | ||||
| Volta | 1.268 | [0.804,1.998] | 3.314** | [1.601,6.863] | ||||
| Eastern | 1.260 | [0.824,1.927] | 1.317 | [0.713,2.435] | ||||
| Ashanti | 0.470*** | [0.317,0.696] | 1.168 | [0.651,2.097] | ||||
| Brong-Ahafo | 1.681* | [1.128,2.506] | 1.849* | [1.094,3.126] | ||||
| Northern | 2.749*** | [1.678,4.502] | 2.498* | [1.222,5.105] | ||||
| Upper East | 0.973 | [0.633,1.496] | 7.344*** | [3.485,15.48] | ||||
| Upper West | 9.494*** | [3.753,24.02] | 11.11*** | [4.275,28.87] | ||||
| Type of residence | ||||||||
| Urban | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] | ||||
| Rural | 0.911 | [0.718,1.156] | 1.106 | [0.763,1.603] | ||||
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Never in union | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] | ||||
| Currently in union/living with a mans | 1.373** | [1.125,1.676] | 1.389 | [0.938,2.057] | ||||
| Formerly in union/living with a man | 0.971 | [0.739,1.276] | 1.001 | [0.565,1.774] | ||||
| Age cohort | ||||||||
| 15–19 | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] | ||||
| 20–24 | 0.760* | [0.608,0.950] | 0.708 | [0.493,1.016] | ||||
| 25–29 | 0.968 | [0.735,1.274] | 0.570* | [0.362,0.898] | ||||
| 30–34 | 1.088 | [0.815,1.453] | 0.578 | [0.326,1.022] | ||||
| 35–39 | 0.990 | [0.730,1.342] | 1.127 | [0.623,2.037] | ||||
| 40–44 | 0.922 | [0.670,1.268] | 0.774 | [0.434,1.379] | ||||
| 45–49 | 1.341 | [0.941,1.913] | 1.141 | [0.593,2.196] | ||||
| 50–54 | – | – | 1.033 | [0.547,1.950] | ||||
| 55–59 | – | – | 0.873 | [0.424,1.801] | ||||
| Religion | ||||||||
| Orthodox Christian | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] | ||||
| Pentecostal | 0.888 | [0.751,1.051] | 1.240 | [0.921,1.669] | ||||
| Other Christian | 1.007 | [0.787,1.288] | 0.634** | [0.468,0.860] | ||||
| Moslem | 0.920 | [0.706,1.200] | 0.952 | [0.638,1.419] | ||||
| Traditional/Others | 1.055 | [0.716,1.554] | 0.563** | [0.399,0.794] | ||||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Akan | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] | ||||
| Ga/Dangme | 1.212 | [0.825,1.781] | 1.856* | [1.043,3.302] | ||||
| Ewe | 1.364 | [0.972,1.912] | 0.893 | [0.533,1.498] | ||||
| Mole-Dagbani | 1.207 | [0.900,1.619] | 1.465 | [0.912,2.354] | ||||
| Gurma | 1.589 | [0.996,2.535] | 0.581* | [0.339,0.997] | ||||
| Others | 1.332* | [1.001,1.773] | 0.855 | [0.513,1.425] | ||||
| Occupation | ||||||||
| Not working | 1 | [1,1] | 1 | [1,1] | ||||
| Professional/Managerial | 1.124 | [0.800,1.577] | 0.813 | [0.459,1.442] | ||||
| Sales/Services | 0.996 | [0.826,1.201] | 0.477** | [0.291,0.783] | ||||
| Agricultural worker | 0.788 | [0.619,1.004] | 0.429*** | [0.272,0.676] | ||||
| Skilled/Unskilled | 0.858 | [0.673,1.095] | 0.452*** | [0.289,0.706] | ||||
| Currently pregnant | ||||||||
| No/unsure | ||||||||
| Yes | 2.593*** | [1.942,3.462] | ||||||
| _Cons | 5.905*** | [5.001,6.973] | 2.717*** | [1.667,4.429] | 4.928*** | [3.867,6.280] | 1.604 | [0.727,3.539] |
| AIC | 7410.6 | 6940.2 | 2713.8 | 2473.3 | ||||
| N | 7552 | 7551 | 2774 | 2774 | ||||
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.00