Table 4.
Constructs in the questionnaires
| Construct | Data source | Number of items and response format (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree if not otherwise indicated) | Respondent | Time of measurement |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary outcomes | ||||
| Implementation-specific transformational, transactional and laissez-faire leadership based on [52, 53] | PPQ PEQ |
20 items | M E |
T1, T2, T3 |
| Short form of implementation-specific transformational, transactional and laissez-faire leadership based on [52] | PEQ | 6 items | M | WS: 1 and 2, 3, 4, 5 |
| Changes in procedure based on [54] | PPQ | 3 items | M E |
T2, T3 |
| Perceived change [55, 56] | PPQ | 1 item 1 = large impairment–5 = large improvement |
E | T2, T3 |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||
| General transformational leadership and contingent reward transactional leadership based on [57, 58] | PPQ | 9 items (2 items) |
M E |
T1, T2, T3 |
| Implementation climate based on [59, 60] | PPQ | 6 items | M E |
T1, T2, T3 |
| Quality improvement implementation scale based on [61] | PPQ | 4 items | M E |
T1, T2, T3 |
| Self-rated health [62–64] | PPQ | 1 item 1 = excellent–5 = poor |
M E |
T1, T2, T3 |
| Vertical trust [62–64] | PPQ | 4 items | M E |
T1, T2, T3 |
| Discomfort with work [65, 66] | PPQ | 1 item 1 = never–5 = everyday |
M E |
T1, T2, T3 |
| Work engagement [67, 68] | PPQ | 3 items (1 item for each subscale) |
M E |
T1, T2, T3 |
| Job satisfaction ([69], based on [70]) | PPQ | 3 items | M E |
T1, T2, T3 |
| Stress reaction and recovery [62, 64, 65] | PPQ | 2 item 1 = never–5 = everyday |
M E |
T1, T2, T3 |
| Self-rated productivity [71, 72] | PPQ | 3 items 1 = low–10 = high |
M E |
T1, T2, T3 |
| Group process [73] | PPQ | 4 items | M E |
T1, T2, T3 |
| Job crafting based on [74, 75] | PPQ | 8 items | M | T1, T2, T3 |
| Qualitative job insecurity based on [76, 77] | PPQ | 12 items | M E |
T2, T3 |
| Process evaluation | ||||
| Fit of the intervention [78] | PPQ | 1 item | M E |
T2, T3 |
| Direction [78] | PPQ | 2 items | E | T2, T3 |
| Opportunity [78] | PPQ | 1 item | E | T2, T3 |
| Participation quality [53] | PPQ | 3 items | M E |
T2, T3 |
| Integration into existing processes and structures [78] | PPQ | 2 items | E | T2, T3 |
| Readiness for change [53] | PEQ | 5 items | M | WS: 1 and 2 |
| Situational motivation [79] | PEQ | 9 items | M | WS: 1 and 2 |
| Knowledge developed by the authors | PEQ | 6 items | M | WS 1 and 2, 3, 4, 5 |
| Workshop evaluation developed by the authors | PEQ | 14 items 1 = not valuable–10 = very valuable |
M | WS 1 and 2, 3, 4, 5 |
| Organizational support [80] | PEQ | 4 items | M | WS 1 and 2, 3, 4, 5 |
| Overall evaluation of workshop quality (Fricdrich A, Jenny GJ, Bauer GF: Development of a generic process appraisal scale for organizational health intervention elements, submitted) | PEQ | 10 items | M | WS5 |
| Overall outcome expectancy [81] | PEQ | 3 items | M | WS5 |
| Overall support of needs (Tafvelin S, Lundmark R, Stenling A: Development and validation of a measure of need supportive implementation scale, in preparation) | PEQ | 8 items | M | WS5 |
Note: Data sources: PPQ = questionnaire, PEQ = workshop survey; Respondent: M = managers, E = employees; Measurement: T1 = baseline questionnaire, WS = workshop (during intervention), T2 = straight after intervention, T3 = 6 months after intervention