Table 1.

Roles of β-arrestins in human cancers

β-arr isoform	Tumor type	Role in cancer	References
β-arr1/β-arr2	Ovarian cancer	Chemoresistance, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, metastasis	[11, 15, 28, 29, 56, 58–61]
β-arr1	Lung cancer	Cell growth, migration, metastasis, stemness, angiogenesis Poor prognosis	[40–42, 54, 55, 62–66]
β-arr1/β-arr2	Prostate cancer	Cell viability and proliferation, chemoresistance, migration, metabolic alteration Regulator of androgen receptor expression	[32, 46, 48, 53, 66–68]
β-arr1	Acute lymphoblastic leukemia.	Cell growth, stemness Poor prognosis	[45, 69]
β-arr1/β-arr2	Chronic myeloid leukaemia	Cell growth, stemness Poor prognosis	[44, 70, 71]
β-arr1/β-arr2	Colorectal cancer	Cell growth, apoptosis, migration, invasion and metastasis	[33, 72–75]
β-arr1	Gastric cancer	Cell proliferation Poor prognosis	[34, 76]
β-arr1	Osteosarcoma	Proliferation and invasion	[77]
β-arr1/β-arr2	Breast cancer	Cell proliferation, migration and invasion and metastsis Multidrug resistance	[31, 36, 47, 50, 57, 78–86]
β-arr1	Neuroblastoma	Metastasis	[87]
β-arr1	Ewing's sarcoma	Drug resistance	[88]
β-arr1	Melanoma	Angiogenesis	[89]
β-arr2	Pancreatic cancer	Cell proliferation	[90]