Table 5.

Relevant conceptual frameworks and intervention implications

	Past	Present	Future
Conceptual frameworks	- Rite of passage rituals - Maturation theories - Social learning theory	- In-groups and out-groups - Self-efficacy - Regulatory focus	- Social memories - Social capital
Intervention implications	- Reduce the role of alcohol in the rite of passage to adulthood	- Increase availability of, access to, and awareness of alternative activity options - Improve self-efficacy relating to moderate drinking and refusal skills	- Work with young people to develop and deliver alternative activities