Table 1. Characteristics of the study population stratified by ethnicity.
| Dutch (n = 2431) | South-Asian Surinamese (n = 1928) | African Surinamese (n = 2501) | Ghanaians (n = 1952) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 46 ± 14 | 46 ± 13 | 48 ± 13 | 46 ± 11 | |
| Men, % | 51 | 53 | 41 | 44 | |
| Height, cm | 176 ± 9 | 166 ± 9 | 169 ± 9 | 166 ± 8 | |
| BMI, kg/m² | 25 ± 4 | 26 ± 4 | 27 ± 5 | 28 ± 5 | |
| Hypertension, % | 25 | 40 | 45 | 55 | |
| Smoking, % | 26 | 28 | 32 | 5 | |
| Diabetes, % | 3 | 19 | 11 | 13 | |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 36 ± 5 | 43 ± 10 | 40 ± 11 | 40 ± 10 | All p<0.001 |
| AIx, % | 26 ± 17 | 34 ± 17 | 32 ± 17 | 33 ± 16 | |
| SBPao, mmHg | 118 ± 20 | 126 ± 22 | 132 ± 18 | 134 ± 24 | |
| SBPbr, mmHg | 125 ± 16 | 130 ± 18 | 139 ± 22 | 136 ± 19 | |
| DBPbr, mmHg | 77 ± 10 | 80 ± 10 | 82 ± 11 | 85 ± 11 | |
| HR, beats/min | 60 ± 9 | 63 ± 9 | 63 ± 10 | 64 ± 10 | |
| SV, ml | 93 ± 21 | 89 ± 20 | 88 ± 22 | 88 ± 17 | |
| SVR, dynes/sec/cm5 | 1484 ± 585 | 1487 ± 567 | 1544 ± 605 | 1542 ± 548 | |
| PWV, m/sec | 7.9 ± 2.1 | 8.7 ± 2.6 | 8.5 ± 2.3 | 8.7 ± 2.2 |
BMI: body mass index; AIx: augmentation index; SBPao: aortic (central) systolic blood pressure; SBPbr: brachial systolic blood pressure; DBPbr: brachial diastolic blood pressure. HR: heart rate; SV: stroke volume; SVR: systemic vascular resistance; PWV: pulse wave velocity. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.