Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population
| Variable | Normala | Overweighta | Obesea | Morbidly Obesea | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of participants | 769 | 1701 | 1406 | 1416 | |
| Age, median (IQR) | 55.2 (43.9–66.5) | 58.1 (46.6–65.9) | 56.3 (46.6–64.9) | 53.5 (44.1–63.0) | < .001 |
| Men, No. (%) | 356 (46.3) | 777 (45.7) | 489 (34.8) | 308 (21.8) | < .001 |
| Medical history, No. (%) | |||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 1 (0.1) | 9 (0.5) | 5 (0.4) | 3 (0.2) | .32 |
| Chronic lung disease | 61 (7.9) | 105 (6.2) | 90 (6.4) | 125 (8.8) | .02 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 58 (7.5) | 298 (17.5) | 349 (24.8) | 445 (31.4) | < .001 |
| Heart failure | 23 (3.0) | 71 (4.2) | 106 (7.5) | 196 (13.8) | < .001 |
| Hypertension | 357 (46.4) | 975 (57.3) | 896 (63.7) | 954 (67.4) | < .001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 36 (4.7) | 92 (5.4) | 87 (6.2) | 73 (5.2) | .46 |
| Current smoker | 179 (23.3) | 214 (12.6) | 154 (11.0) | 143 (10.1) | < .001 |
| Previous smoker | 138 (17.9) | 349 (20.5) | 286 (20.3) | 246 (17.4) | .08 |
| Stroke | 33 (4.3) | 71 (4.2) | 67 (4.8) | 62 (4.4) | .88 |
| Physical examination, median (IQR) | |||||
| Weight, kg | 66.0 (60.3–71.5) | 79.8 (72.9–86.6) | 91.5 (84.4–99.6) | 110.0 (100.5–124.0) | < .001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 82.0 (76.0–87.0) | 94.0 (88.0–99.0) | 103.0 (97.0–109.0) | 116.5 (107.0–127.0) | < .001 |
| Neck circumference, cm | 35.0 (33.0–38.0) | 38.0 (35.0–40.0) | 39.0 (36.0–42.0) | 40.0 (38.0–43.0) | < .001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 122.0 (112.0–136.0) | 124.0 (114.0–136.0) | 125.0 (116.0–137.0) | 126.0 (116.0–137.0) | < .001 |
| Laboratory test results, median (IQR) | |||||
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 88.3 (77.6–99.4) | 85.3 (75.6–94.8) | 85.9 (75.1–96.6) | 86.5 (75.9–97.3) | < .001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 88.0 (83.0–93.0) | 91.0 (85.0–99.0) | 93.0 (87.0–103.0) | 94.0 (87.0–107.0) | < .001 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 5.4 (5.1–5.7) | 5.6 (5.3–6.0) | 5.7 (5.4–6.2) | 5.8 (5.5–6.5) | < .001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 74.0 (52.0–103.0) | 90.0 (63.0–123.0) | 98.0 (73.0–138.0) | 94.0 (72.0–134.0) | < .001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 55.0 (45.0–67.0) | 49.0 (41.0–60.0) | 48.0 (40.0–57.0) | 49.0 (41.0–57.0) | < .001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 119.0 (95.0–140.0) | 124.0 (103.0–150.0) | 124.0 (103.0–148.0) | 124.0 (101.0–147.0) | < .001 |
| High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 0.1 (0.0–0.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.3 (0.1–0.6) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | < .001 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 4.8 (3.8–5.7) | 5.3 (4.2–6.4) | 5.5 (4.5–6.7) | 5.7 (4.8–6.8) | < .001 |
| Baseline echocardiography and ECG | |||||
| Ejection fraction, mean (SD), % | 61.6 (7.3) | 61.7 (7.8) | 62.1 (7.4) | 62.4 (7.3) | .09 |
| Ejection fraction, median (IQR), % | 65.0 (55.0–65.0) | 65.0 (55.0–65.0) | 65.0 (55.0–65.0) | 65.0 (55.0–65.0) | .09 |
| LVEF < 40%, No. (%) | 8 (1.0) | 20 (1.2) | 10 (0.7) | 11 (0.8) | .51 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy, No. (%) | 25 (3.3) | 103 (6.1) | 106 (7.5) | 188 (13.3) | < .001 |
| Left ventricular dimension, median (IQR), cm | 47.4 (44.3–49.9) | 48.3 (45.3–50.8) | 48.3 (45.8–50.9) | 48.9 (46.5–51.9) | < .001 |
| Medications, No. (%) | |||||
| β-Blocker | 49 (6.4) | 165 (9.7) | 160 (11.4) | 157 (11.1) | .001 |
| Missing | 57 (7.4) | 113 (6.6) | 108 (7.7) | 105 (7.4) | .70 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 84 (10.9) | 310 (18.2) | 290 (20.6) | 304 (21.5) | < .001 |
| Missing | 54 (7.0) | 103 (6.1) | 110 (7.8) | 96 (6.8) | .28 |
| Diuretic | 99 (12.9) | 323 (19.0) | 339 (24.1) | 459 (32.4) | < .001 |
| Missing | 52 (6.8) | 107 (6.3) | 99 (7.0) | 88 (6.2) | .79 |
| Statin | 53 (6.9) | 202 (11.9) | 194 (13.8) | 152 (10.7) | < .001 |
| Missing | 58 (7.5) | 108 (6.3) | 107 (7.6) | 105 (7.4) | .49 |
| Insulin | 14 (1.8) | 71 (4.2) | 102 (7.3) | 139 (9.8) | <.001 |
| Missing | 59 (7.7) | 113 (6.6) | 112 (8.0) | 103 (7.3) | .54 |
| Loop diuretic | 15 (2.0) | 58 (3.4) | 74 (5.3) | 159 (11.2) | < .001 |
| Missing | 58 (7.5) | 118 (6.9) | 114 (8.1) | 101 (7.1) | .63 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 86 (11.2) | 243 (14.3) | 247 (17.6) | 307 (21.7) | < .001 |
| Missing | 56 (7.3) | 99 (5.8) | 106 (7.5) | 88 (6.2) | .20 |
| Anti-platelet agent | 10 (1.3) | 28 (1.6) | 24 (1.7) | 17 (1.2) | .63 |
| Missing | 59 (7.7) | 118 (6.9) | 116 (8.3) | 109 (7.7) | .59 |
| Digoxin | 12 (1.6) | 20 (1.2) | 20 (1.4) | 27 (1.9) | .41 |
| Missing | 57 (7.4) | 118 (6.9) | 114 (8.1) | 111 (7.8) | .63 |
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; ECG, electrocardiogram; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IQR, interquartile range; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; and LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.
a
Normal indicates BMI < 25 mg/dL; overweight, BMI 25 to < 30 mg/dL; obese, 30 to < 35 mg/dL; and morbidly obese, ≥ 35 mg/d