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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Card Fail. 2016 Mar 11;22(8):589–597. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.03.004

Table 2.

Associations Between BMI and All-Cause Mortality, Heart Failure, and Heart Failure Hospitalization

Outcomea Unadjusted Estimate P Value Adjusted Estimateb P Value
All-cause mortality
 BMI as a continuous variable (n = 5292) 0.99 (0.98–1.00) .08 0.99 (0.98–1.01) .41
 BMI by category
  < 25 kg/m2 (n = 769) 1.00 [Reference] 1.00 [Reference]
  25 to < 30 kg/m2 (n = 1701) 0.70 (0.55–0.90) .006 0.66 (0.51–0.86) .002
  30 to < 35 kg/m2 (n = 1406) 0.68 (0.53–0.89) .004 0.70 (0.52–0.93) .01
  ≥ 35 kg/m2 (n = 1416) 0.66 (0.51–0.85) .002 0.66 (0.49–0.89) .007
Prevalent heart failure at exam 2
 BMI as a continuous variable (n = 3896) 1.06 (1.04–1.07) < .001 1.06 (1.04–1.08) < .001
 BMI by category
  < 25 kg/m2 (n = 554) 1.00 [Reference] 1.00 [Reference]
  25 to < 30 kg/m2 (n = 1317) 1.29 (0.66–2.53) .45 1.38 (0.72–2.65) .33
  30 to < 35 kg/m2 (n = 1061) 1.95 (1.01–3.77) .046 1.68 (0.87–3.24) .12
  ≥ 35 kg/m2 (n = 964) 4.26 (2.29–7.94) < .001 3.74 (2.00–7.03) < .001
Prevalent heart failure at exam 3
 BMI as a continuous variable (n = 3559) 1.05 (1.04–1.07) < .001 1.05 (1.03–1.06) < .001
 BMI by category
  < 25 kg/m2 (n = 496) 1.00 [Reference] 1.00 [Reference]
  25 to < 30 kg/m2 (n = 1204) 1.48 (0.78–2.77) .23 1.53 (0.83–2.83) .18
  30 to < 35 kg/m2 (n = 969) 2.59 (1.41–4.77) .002 2.27 (1.23–4.21) .009
  ≥ 35 kg/m2 (n = 890) 4.53 (2.51–8.16) < .001 3.97 (2.20–7.17) < .001
Heart failure hospitalization
 BMI as a continuous variable (n = 5184) 1.03 (1.01,1.04) < .001 1.02 (1.01,1.04) .007
 BMI by category
  < 25 kg/m2 (n = 755) 1.00 [Reference] 1.00 [Reference]
  25 to < 30 kg/m2 (n = 1664) 1.01 (0.71–1.44) .96 0.79 (0.54–1.14) .20
  30 to < 35 kg/m2 (n = 1376) 0.93 (0.64–1.35) .71 0.68 (0.46–1.02) .06
  ≥ 35 kg/m2 (n = 1389) 1.44 (1.02–2.04) .04 0.97 (0.66–1.44) .89

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HR, hazard ratio; RR, risk ratio.

a

Estimates for all-cause mortality and heart failure hospitalization are expressed as hazard ratio (95% CI). Estimates for prevalent heart failure are expressed as risk ratio (95% CI).

b

The multivariable models were adjusted for age, sex, prior myocardial infarction, hypertension, prior stroke, diabetes mellitus, chronic lung disease, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, pulse, sodium, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hemoglobin, glucose, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular diameter, beta-blocker, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker, statin, antiplatelet agent, and missing medication status. The multivariable all-cause mortality and heart failure hospitalization models were also adjusted for heart failure based on modified Gothenburg criteria at exam 1.