Table 1.
Recent studies of synthesis HA powder from waste and various method in period of 2010–2015
| References | Raw material | Method | pH value | Powder properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Venkatesan and Kim (2010) | Tuna bone | Drying | – | Pure HA in nano-sized range |
| Wu et al. (2011) | Oyster shell | Ball mailing and heat treatment | – | HA and β-TCP composition in the sample |
| Singh and Purohit (2011) | Garden Snail | Wet chemical precipitate | 10 | Pure HA in micron-sized range |
| Santhosh and Prabu (2013) | Sea shell | Wet chemical precipitate | 10 | Pure HA in nano-sized range |
| Rujitanapanich et al. (2014) | Oyster shell | Wet chemical precipitate | 8–10 | Improve crystallinity of HA at pH value of 10. |
| Kamalanathan et al. (2014) | Eggshell | Wet chemical precipitate | 10.5 and above | Pure HA at low temperature and present of α-TCP and TTCP at high temperature |
| Wu et al. (2015) | Eggshell | Wet chemical precipitate | – | HA/β-TCP biphase at low temperature and pure HA at high temperature |
| Chen et al. (2015) | Abalone shell | Solid-state conversion | 10 | Mix of HA, calcite and aragonite composition in the sample. HA nanorod is obtained |
| Yelmilda et al. (2015) | Cockle shell | Hydrothermal | 10–11 | Pure HA in nano-sized range and no toxic effect |
| Shavandi et al. (2015) | Mussel shell | Rapid microwave irradiation | 13 | Pure HA in nano-sized range |
| This study | Ark clam shell | Wet chemical precipitate | 8 | Pure HA as-synthesized and nano-sized range. HA/β-TCP biphase composition was present at high temperature |