Table 3.
Association of maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy (independent variable) with infant weight-for-age z-scores ,length-for-age z-scores, head, abdominal and mid-arm circumferences from 0-24 months (dependent variables) (n= 807)1
| Vitamin D Deficiency (<50 nmol/L) | Vitamin D Insufficiency (≥50 and <75 nmol/L) | Vitamin D Sufficiency (>75 nmol/L) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | β (95%CI) | N | β (95%CI) | N | β | |
| Weight-for-age z-score2 | ||||||
| 0 m | 109 | 0.09 (-0.07, 0.26) | 215 | 0.09 (-0.03, 0.22) | 483 | Ref |
| 3 m | 98 | -0.02 (-0.23, 0.19) | 203 | -0.05 (-0.21, 0.11) | 458 | Ref |
| 6 m | 86 | 0.00 (-0.23, 0.23) | 195 | -0.01 (-0.18, 0.16) | 448 | Ref |
| 9 m | 85 | 0.00 (-0.23, 0.23) | 181 | -0.01 (-0.19, 0.16) | 428 | Ref |
| 12 m | 89 | 0.01 (-0.22, 0.24) | 186 | 0.07 (-0.10, 0.24) | 436 | Ref |
| 15 m | 86 | -0.02 (-0.25, 0.21) | 190 | 0.06 (-0.11, 0.23) | 442 | Ref |
| 18 m | 86 | -0.06 (-0.30, 0.18) | 184 | 0.11 (-0.07, 0.29) | 414 | Ref |
| 24 m | 79 | 0.00 (-0.27, 0.26) | 189 | 0.02 (-0.16, 0.21) | 418 | Ref |
| Length-for-age z-score2 | ||||||
| 0 m | 109 | 0.29 (0.07, 0.51) | 213 | 0.21 (0.04, 0.38) | 483 | Ref |
| 3 m | 98 | -0.02 (-0.26, 0.22) | 203 | 0.01 (-0.17, 0.19) | 458 | Ref |
| 6 m | 87 | -0.16 (-0.43, 0.12) | 196 | 0.05 (-0.15, 0.25) | 450 | Ref |
| 9 m | 85 | -0.05 (-0.33, 0.22) | 181 | 0.02 (-0.19, 0.22) | 428 | Ref |
| 12 m | 89 | 0.10 (-0.17, 0.38) | 188 | 0.06 (-0.15, 0.26) | 437 | Ref |
| 15 m | 86 | -0.02 (-0.29, 0.25) | 189 | -0.03 (-0.23, 0.17) | 437 | Ref |
| 18 m | 75 | -0.13 (-0.41, 0.16) | 164 | 0.21 (0.00, 0.42) | 357 | Ref |
| 24 m3 | 70 | -0.10 (-0.39, 0.19) | 168 | 0.04 (-0.16, 0.25) | 371 | Ref |
| Head circumference2(cm) | ||||||
| 0 m | 103 | 0.06 (-0.21, 0.34) | 206 | 0.07 (-0.14, 0.28) | 469 | Ref |
| 3 m | 97 | -0.04 (-0.30, 0.23) | 203 | 0.04 (-0.16, 0.24) | 458 | Ref |
| 6 m | 87 | 0.11 (-0.20, 0.41) | 193 | 0.09 (-0.14, 0.31) | 443 | Ref |
| 9 m | 85 | 0.13 (-0.20, 0.45) | 180 | -0.07 (-0.32, 0.17) | 428 | Ref |
| 12 m | 89 | 0.08 (-0.24, 0.40) | 188 | 0.00 (-0.23, 0.24) | 436 | Ref |
| 15 m | 86 | 0.10 (-0.23, 0.43) | 190 | -0.01 (-0.25, 0.23) | 443 | Ref |
| 18 m | 82 | 0.09 (-0.29, 0.46) | 183 | 0.05 (-0.22, 0.33) | 410 | Ref |
| 24 m | 80 | -0.23 (-0.59, 0.13) | 186 | 0.03 (-0.23, 0.30) | 410 | Ref |
| Abdominal circumference2(cm) | ||||||
| 0 m | 102 | 0.08 (-0.43, 0.60) | 206 | 0.10 (-0.30, 0.49) | 469 | Ref |
| 3 m | 98 | 0.02 (-0.65, 0.68) | 202 | 0.11 (-0.39, 0.61) | 457 | Ref |
| 6 m | 87 | 0.34 (-0.40, 1.08) | 194 | 0.16 (-0.39, 0.70) | 446 | Ref |
| 9 m | 85 | 0.11 (-0.66, 0.87) | 180 | 0.17 (-0.40, 0.74) | 427 | Ref |
| 12 m | 89 | 0.17 (-0.59, 0.93) | 188 | -0.10 (-0.66, 0.47) | 437 | Ref |
| 15 m | 86 | 0.00 (-0.74, 0.74) | 188 | 0.12 (-0.42, 0.67) | 443 | Ref |
| 18 m | 80 | -0.01 (-0.81, 0.80) | 176 | 0.22 (-0.38, 0.81) | 394 | Ref |
| 24 m | 78 | -0.18 (-1.06, 0.71) | 178 | 0.17 (-0.47, 0.81) | 402 | Ref |
| Mid-arm circumference2(cm) | ||||||
| 0 m | 102 | 0.04 (-0.15, 0.24) | 206 | -0.07 (-0.22, 0.08) | 470 | Ref |
| 3 m | 98 | 0.06 (-0.21, 0.34) | 202 | 0.02 (-0.19, 0.22) | 456 | Ref |
| 6 m | 86 | 0.05 (-0.25, 0.34) | 195 | 0.03 (-0.18, 0.25) | 447 | Ref |
| 9 m | 85 | -0.02 (-0.32, 0.28) | 180 | -0.06 (-0.29, 0.16) | 427 | Ref |
| 12 m | 89 | 0.09 (-0.19, 0.37) | 188 | -0.05 (-0.25, 0.16) | 437 | Ref |
| 15 m | 86 | 0.11 (-0.19, 0.40) | 190 | 0.02 (-0.20, 0.23) | 443 | Ref |
| 18 m | 83 | -0.06 (-0.37, 0.25) | 181 | 0.04 (-0.19, 0.27) | 403 | Ref |
| 24 m | 78 | -0.04 (-0.38, 0.30) | 187 | -0.04 (-0.29, 0.20) | 404 | Ref |
Adjusted for maternal ethnicity, education, smoking during pregnancy, age, pregnancy BMI, total maternal energy intake, infant birth order and infant gender
No statistically significant differences were seen between maternal vitamin D deficiency status with weight-for-age, length-for-age z-score, head circumference, abdominal circumference and mid-arm circumference.
No statistically significant differences were seen between maternal vitamin D deficiency status with Height-for-age –scores were measured only at 24 months