Table 1.
Socio-demographic, Clinical and Hospital Characteristics of Deliveries by Race and Ethnicity in New York City Hospitals
| Black | White | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | ||
| Deliveries | 72849 | 100.00 | 110200 | 100.00 | |
| Maternal Age | <.0001 | ||||
| <20 | 5207 | 7.15 | 1341 | 1.22 | |
| 20–29 | 34815 | 47.79 | 37812 | 34.31 | |
| 30–34 | 17859 | 24.52 | 38161 | 34.63 | |
| 35–39 | 11159 | 15.32 | 25135 | 22.81 | |
| 40–44 | 3477 | 4.77 | 7079 | 6.42 | |
| 45+ | 332 | 0.46 | 672 | 0.61 | |
| Ancestry | <.0001 | ||||
| US Born | 42189 | 57.91 | 79935 | 72.54 | |
| Foreign Born | 30660 | 42.09 | 30265 | 27.46 | |
| Pre-pregnancy body mass index | <.0001 | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 2632 | 3.61 | 6549 | 5.94 | |
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 27782 | 38.14 | 73017 | 66.26 | |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 21231 | 29.14 | 20234 | 18.36 | |
| Obese (30.0–39.9) | 17212 | 23.63 | 9006 | 8.17 | |
| Morbid Obesity (≥40) | 3407 | 4.68 | 1120 | 1.02 | |
| Missing BMI | 585 | 0.80 | 274 | 0.25 | |
| Smoked during pregnancy | 2673 | 3.67 | 2573 | 2.33 | <.0001 |
| Alcohol use during pregnancy | 1141 | 1.57 | 1220 | 1.11 | <.0001 |
| Maternal Education | <.0001 | ||||
| Less than HS | 14606 | 20.05 | 8726 | 7.92 | |
| HS | 19614 | 26.92 | 20612 | 18.70 | |
| Greater than HS | 38232 | 52.48 | 80620 | 73.16 | |
| Missing or unknown | 397 | 0.54 | 242 | 0.22 | |
| Insurance | <.0001 | ||||
| Commercial | 18299 | 25.12 | 70105 | 63.62 | |
| Medicaid | 52683 | 72.32 | 38532 | 34.97 | |
| Other | 607 | 0.83 | 815 | 0.74 | |
| Uninsured | 1260 | 1.73 | 748 | 0.68 | |
| Prenatal visits | <.0001 | ||||
| 0–5 | 8623 | 11.84 | 3737 | 3.39 | |
| 6–8 | 11508 | 15.80 | 11052 | 10.03 | |
| ≥9 | 51658 | 70.91 | 94833 | 86.06 | |
| Unknown | 1060 | 1.46 | 578 | 0.52 | |
| Parity | <.0001 | ||||
| Nulliparous | 41033 | 56.33 | 58308 | 52.91 | |
| Multiparous | 31698 | 43.51 | 51746 | 46.96 | |
| Missing | 118 | 0.16 | 146 | 0.13 | |
| Type of Pregnancy | <.0001 | ||||
| Singleton | 71359 | 97.95 | 107165 | 97.25 | |
| Multiple | 1490 | 2.05 | 3035 | 2.75 | |
| Previous Cesarean Comorbidities | 13031 | 17.89 | 15959 | 14.48 | <.0001 |
| Cardiac Disease | 310 | 0.43 | 616 | 0.56 | <.0001 |
| Renal Disease | 68 | 0.09 | 49 | 0.04 | <.0001 |
| Musculoskeletal Disease | 225 | 0.31 | 341 | 0.31 | 0.98 |
| Digestive Disorder | 17 | 0.02 | 269 | 0.24 | <.0001 |
| Blood Disease | 10557 | 14.49 | 9013 | 8.18 | <.0001 |
| Mental Disorders | 3032 | 4.16 | 3364 | 3.05 | <.0001 |
| CNS disease | 905 | 1.24 | 1310 | 1.19 | 0.31 |
| Rheumatic Heart Disease | 57 | 0.08 | 33 | 0.03 | <.0001 |
| Disorder Placentation | 1600 | 2.20 | 1599 | 1.45 | <.0001 |
| Chronic Hypertension | 2222 | 3.05 | 807 | 0.73 | <.0001 |
| Pregnancy Hypertension | 7576 | 10.40 | 4411 | 4.00 | <.0001 |
| Lupus | 147 | 0.20 | 117 | 0.11 | <.0001 |
| Collagen Vascular Disorder | 24 | 0.03 | 72 | 0.07 | 0.003 |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 61 | 0.08 | 149 | 0.14 | 0.0015 |
| Diabetes | 1200 | 1.65 | 585 | 0.53 | <.0001 |
| Gestational diabetes | 4455 | 6.12 | 3534 | 3.21 | <.0001 |
| Asthma/Chronic bronchitis | 5671 | 7.78 | 3174 | 2.88 | <.0001 |
| Delivery method | <.0001 | ||||
| Cesarean Delivery | 27671 | 37.98 | 31405 | 28.50 | |
| Vaginal delivery | 45178 | 62.02 | 78795 | 71.50 | |
| Hospital Characteristics | |||||
| Hospital Ownership | <.0001 | ||||
| Public | 19595 | 26.90 | 3574 | 3.24 | |
| Private | 53254 | 73.10 | 106626 | 96.76 | |
| Teaching Status | <.0001 | ||||
| Not Teaching | 1237 | 1.70 | 1200 | 1.09 | |
| Teaching | 71612 | 98.30 | 109000 | 98.91 | |
| Nursery Level | <.0001 | ||||
| Level 2 | 5725 | 7.86 | 7219 | 6.55 | |
| Level 3–4 | 67124 | 92.14 | 102981 | 93.45 | |
| Delivery Volume | <.0001 | ||||
| Low | 12464 | 17.11 | 3143 | 2.85 | |
| Medium | 21473 | 29.48 | 4203 | 3.81 | |
| High | 17228 | 23.65 | 22954 | 20.83 | |
| Very High | 21684 | 29.77 | 79900 | 72.50 | |