Table 2.
| Model 1: Without
Hospital Characteristics Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
P value |
Model 2:
With Hospital Characteristics Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
P value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Age | ||||
| <20 | 1.20 (1.09–1.33) | 1.19 (1.07–1.31) | 0.05 | |
| 20–34 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 35–39 | 1.20 (1.13–1.27) | 0.02 | 1.21 (1.14–1.29) | 0.03 |
| 40–44 | 1.41 (1.29–1.55) | 0.06 | 1.42 (1.30–1.57) | 0.04 |
| >45 | 1.84 (1.45–2.34) | <0.001 | 1.85 (1.46–2.35) | <.001 |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic | 1.52 (1.42–1.63) | 0.01 | 1.40 (1.31–1.51) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 2.02 (1.89–2.17) | <0.001 | 1.82 (1.69–1.95) | <.001 |
| Non-Hispanic white | Reference | Reference | ||
| Asian | 1.08 (0.99–1.18) | <0.001 | 1.09 (0.99–1.18) | 0.002 |
| Other | 1.31 (0.85–2.04) | 0.91 | 1.43 (1.31–1.51) | 0.90 |
| Maternal nativity | ||||
| Born in the US | 0.97 (0.92–1.01) | 0.16 | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) | 0.28 |
| Foreign born | Reference | Reference | ||
| Maternal Education | ||||
| Less than HS* | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) | 0.01 | 1.08 (1.008–1.15) | 0.07 |
| HS | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | <.001 |
| Greater than HS | Reference | Reference | ||
| Insurance | ||||
| Commercial | Reference | Reference | ||
| Uninsured | 1.27 (1.05–1.53) | 0.08 | 1.11 (0.92–1.35) | 0.43 |
| Medicaid | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) | 0.80 | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 0.41 |
| Other | 1.06 (0.82–1.37) | 0.65 | 1.07 (0.83–1.38) | 0.84 |
| Prenatal visits | ||||
| 0–5 | 1.42 (1.31–1.52) | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.24–1.45) | 0.004 |
| 6–8 | 1.19 (1.12–1.27) | 0.30 | 1.16 (1.09–1.24) | 0.31 |
| ≥9 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Unknown | 1.38 (1.13–1.69) | 0.14 | 1.35 (1.11–1.65) | |
| Parity | ||||
| Nulliparous | Reference | Reference | ||
| Multiparous | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | <0.001 | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | <.001 |
| Type of Pregnancy | ||||
| Singleton | Reference | Reference | ||
| Multiple | 3.04 (2.76–3.34) | <0.001 | 3.06 (2.78–3.37) | <.001 |
| Pre-pregnancy body mass index | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 1.06 (0.95–1.18) | 0.75 | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | 0.49 |
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 0.99 (0.94–1.05) | 0.15 | 0.98 (0.93–1.04) | 0.15 |
| Obese (30.0–39.9) | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | 0.01 | 0.94 (0.88–1.004) | 0.01 |
| Morbid obese (≥40) | 1.13 (1.001–1.28) | 0.12 | 1.11 (0.98–1.25) | 0.16 |
| Missing | 1.14 (0.87–1.43) | 0.52 | 1.08 (0.84–1.38) | 0.66 |
| Smoked during pregnancy | 0.93 (0.81–1.06) | 0.28 | 0.92 (0.94–0.98) | 0.19 |
| Alcohol use during pregnancy | 1.16 (0.99–1.35) | 0.07 | 1.11 (0.95–1.3) | 0.21 |
| Previous Cesarean | 2.27 (2.16–2.39) | <0.001 | 2.29 (2.18–2.41) | <.001 |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Cardiac | 2.90 (2.36–3.94) | <0.001 | 2.91 (2.36–3.59) | <.001 |
| Musculoskeletal | 2.72 (0.96–7.72) | 0.06 | 2.58 (0.91–7.28) | 0.07 |
| Digestive | 1.19 (0.57–2.48) | 0.64 | 1.19 (0.57–2.48) | 0.64 |
| Blood disorder | 3.75 (3.56–3.94) | <0.001 | 3.73 (3.55–3.91) | <.001 |
| Mental disorder | 1.40 (1.26–1.55) | <0.001 | 1.38 (1.25–1.53) | <.001 |
| CNS | 1.37 (1.15–1.62) | <0.001 | 1.37 (1.16–1.62) | <.001 |
| Rheumatic heart | 2.97 (1.81–4.86) | <0.001 | 2.88 (1.76–4.73) | <.001 |
| Disorder of placentation | 6.64 (6.13–7.19) | <0.001 | 6.57 (6.07–7.12) | <.001 |
| Chronic Hypertension | 1.34 (1.17–1.54) | <0.001 | 1.32 (1.15–1.51) | <.001 |
| Pregnancy hypertension | 2.95 (2.78–3.13) | <0.001 | 2.9 (2.73–3.08) | <.001 |
| Lupus | 0.92 (0.32–2.64) | 0.88 | 0.97 (0.34–2.76) | 0.96 |
| Collagen/vascular | 0.45 (0.14–1.52) | 0.2 | 0.46 (0.34–2.76) | 0.21 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 0.48 (1.16–1.47) | 0.2 | 0.51 (0.17–1.55) | 0.23 |
| Diabetes | 1.27 (1.08–1.49) | 0.004 | 1.26 (1.08–1.48) | 0.004 |
| Pregnancy diabetes | 1.21 (1.11–1.32) | <0.001 | 1.17 (1.08–1.28) | <.001 |
| Asthma/chronic pulmonary | 1.05 (0.96–1.15) | 0.28 | 1.05 (0.96–1.15) | 0.25 |
| Hospital Characteristics1 | ||||
| Hospital Ownership | ||||
| Public | 1.12 (1.06–1.19) | <.001 | ||
| Private | Reference | |||
| Teaching Status | ||||
| Not Teaching | Reference | |||
| Teaching | 0.66 (0.55–0.79) | <.001 | ||
| Nursery Level | ||||
| Level 2 | 1.27 (1.22–1.33) | <.001 | ||
| Level 3–4 | Reference | |||
| Delivery Volume3 | ||||
| Low | 1.69 (1.54–1.85) | <.001 | ||
| Medium | 1.53 (1.42–1.65) | <.001 | ||
| High | 1.32 (1.23–1.41) | 0.16 | ||
| Very High | Reference |
*
HS – High school