TABLE 2.
Comparison of food group intakes of vegetarian and non-vegetarian adults (20–69 years) participating in CARRS (South Asia; n=15,665) and NHANES (US; n=2159) †
| South Asia |
US |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-vegetarian (n=10,697) |
Vegetarian ‡ (n=4968) |
Non-vegetarian (n=2100) |
Vegetarian ‡ (n=59) |
|
| Meat | ||||
| Never or <1/mo | 18.2 (1962) | 71.6 (3522) * | 0.3 (9) | 55.0 (27) * |
| ≥1/mo but <1/wk | 24.7 (2683) | 28.4 (1446) * | 2.8 (58) | 45.0 (32) * |
| ≥1/wk but <1/dy | 55.3 (5868) | - | 64.0 (1312) | - |
| ≥1/dy | 1.8 (184) | - | 32.9 (721) | - |
| Poultry | ||||
| Never or <1/mo | 4.2 (499) | 62.4 (3079) * | 2.8 (64) | 70.8 (40) * |
| ≥1/mo but <1/wk | 11.3 (1203) | 37.6 (1889) * | 19.5 (404) | 29.2 (19) * |
| ≥1/wk but <1/dy | 82.8 (8817) | - | 65.3 (1346) | - |
| ≥1/dy | 1.7 (178) | - | 12.3 (286) | - |
| Fish & shellfish | ||||
| Never or <1/mo | 21.7 (2283) | 76.8 (3781) * | 15.8 (349) | 50.4 (32) * |
| ≥1/mo but <1/wk | 23.2 (2493) | 20.4 (1051) * | 43.1 (905) | 30.7 (19) * |
| ≥1/wk but <1/dy | 53.3 (5723) | 2.6 (128) * | 39.1 (797) | 17.8 (7) * |
| ≥1/dy | 1.8 (198) | 0.2 (8) * | 1.9 (49) | 1.1 (1) * |
| Eggs | ||||
| Never or <1/mo | 10.0 (1095) | 51.4 (2563) * | 22.9 (513) | 63.0 (39) * |
| ≥1/mo but <1/wk | 11.9 (1311) | 16.4 (824) * | 36.4 (709) | 12.9 (9) * |
| ≥1/wk but <1/dy | 64.2 (6910) | 29.1 (1433) * | 37.2 (807) | 24.1 (11) * |
| ≥1/dy | 13.8 (1381) | 3.1 (148) * | 3.5 (71) | 0 (0) * |
| Milk & milk products | ||||
| Never or <1/mo | 31.0 (3391) | 26.0 (1326) * | 0.8 (23) | 7.2 (7) |
| ≥1/mo but <1/wk | 10.0 (1092) | 9.7 (471) * | 2.9 (78) | 4.8 (5) |
| ≥1/wk but <1/dy | 27.2 (2901) | 22.6 (1122) * | 25.7 (578) | 27.3 (16) |
| ≥1/dy | 31.7 (3313) | 41.8 (2049) * | 70.6 (1421) | 60.7 (31) |
| Nuts | ||||
| Never or <1/mo | 62.3 (6645) | 57.6 (2872) * | 24.5 (572) | 34.4 (27) |
| ≥1/mo but <1/wk | 17.6 (1914) | 18.7 (931) * | 26.6 (562) | 20.2 (12) |
| ≥1/wk but <1/dy | 17.0 (1827) | 16.9 (828) * | 42.3 (836) | 32.0 (14) |
| ≥1/dy | 3.1 (311) | 6.8 (337) * | 6.6 (130) | 13.4 (6) |
| Legumes | ||||
| Never or <1/mo | 10.2 (1125) | 4.7 (254) * | 34.7 (687) | 28.3 (17) * |
| ≥1/mo but <1/wk | 5.9 (699) | 4.8 (245) * | 36.2 (700) | 17.4 (9) * |
| ≥1/wk but <1/dy | 73.3 (7824) | 56.6 (2832) * | 24.7 (569) | 26.3 (18) * |
| ≥1/dy | 10.6 (1049) | 33.9 (1637) * | 4.3 (144) | 28.1 (15) * |
| Fruit | ||||
| Never or <1/mo | 14.0 (1481) | 9.7 (561) * | 2.4 (44) | 3.4 (4) * |
| ≥1/mo but <1/wk | 18.3 (1980) | 15.7 (822) * | 10.4 (206) | 1.5 (1) * |
| ≥1/wk but <1/dy | 50.3 (5495) | 51.0 (2486) * | 46.4 (902) | 40.7 (22) * |
| ≥1/dy | 17.3 (1741) | 23.5 (1099) * | 40.9 (948) | 54.4 (32) * |
| Total vegetables | ||||
| Never or <1/mo | 0.5 (56) | 0.8 (45) * | 0.2 (4) | 1.5 (2) |
| ≥1/mo but <1/wk | 0.8 (94) | 0.5 (28) * | 0.3 (7) | 0.7 (1) |
| ≥1/wk but <1/dy | 35.9 (3979) | 25.1 (1316) * | 12.9 (287) | 14.1 (13) |
| ≥1/dy | 62.8 (6568) | 73.6 (3579) * | 86.7 (1802) | 83.7 (43) |
| Leafy greens | ||||
| Never or <1/mo | 9.3 (981) | 4.9 (271) * | 11.9 (292) | 22.2 (18) |
| ≥1/mo but <1/wk | 15.3 (1676) | 11.4 (578) * | 20.0 (439) | 8.4 (9) |
| ≥1/wk but <1/dy | 70.4 (7511) | 71.2 (3512) * | 60.0 (1186) | 58.6 (27) |
| ≥1/dy | 5.0 (529) | 12.5 (607) * | 8.2 (183) | 10.9 (5) |
| Other raw vegetables | ||||
| Never or <1/mo | 43.4 (4831) | 19.5 (1078) * | 9.4 (225) | 11.3 (14) |
| ≥1/mo but <1/wk | 7.6 (858.0) | 8.0 (422.0) * | 16.8 (372) | 11.2 (8) |
| ≥1/wk but <1/dy | 37.5 (3849) | 42.1 (2054) * | 58.0 (1152) | 58.5 (29) |
| ≥1/dy | 11.5 (1159) | 30.5 (1414) * | 15.8 (351) | 19.1 (8) |
| Cooked vegetables | ||||
| Never or <1/mo | 6.5 (698) | 7.7 (386) * | 0.4 (9) | 2.1 (3) |
| ≥1/mo but <1/wk | 4.2 (457) | 7.4 (396) * | 1.2 (35) | 3.2 (3) |
| ≥1/wk but <1/dy | 41.7 (4569) | 32.4 (1637) * | 26.2 (530) | 34.6 (21) |
| ≥1/dy | 47.6 (4973) | 52.4 (2549) * | 72.2 (1526) | 60.1 (32) |
| Potatoes | ||||
| Never or <1/mo | - | - | 10.5 (271) | 22.0 (21) |
| ≥1/mo but <1/wk | - | - | 36.0 (773) | 41.9 (22) |
| ≥1/wk but <1/dy | - | - | 51.3 (1003) | 32.6 (14) |
| ≥1/dy | - | - | 2.2 (53) | 3.6 (2) |
| Whole grains | ||||
| Never or <1/mo | 13.6 (1346) | 11.9 (605) * | 8.1 (177) | 12.4 (13) |
| ≥1/mo but <1/wk | 10.4 (1039) | 10.4 (566) * | 11.8 (277) | 16.1 (13) |
| ≥1/wk but <1/dy | 29.1 (3197) | 20.3 (1047) * | 55.1 (1119) | 29.0 (16) |
| ≥1/dy | 46.8 (5115) | 57.4 (2750) * | 25.1 (527) | 42.4 (17) |
| Tea | ||||
| Never or <1/mo | 12.1 (1166) | 8.2 (438) * | 28.8 (619) | 30.6 (24) |
| ≥1/mo but <1/wk | 0.3 (32) | 0.3 (12) * | 23.2 (502) | 23.8 (14) |
| ≥1/wk but <1/dy | 1.6 (162) | 1.6 (76) * | 27.1 (552) | 19.6 (9) |
| ≥1/dy | 86.0 (9337) | 89.9 (4442) * | 20.9 (427) | 26.1 (12) |
| Coffee | ||||
| Never or <1/mo | 66.8 (7238) | 75.0 (3738) * | 33.0 (702) | 42.7 (32) |
| ≥1/mo but <1/wk | 3.5 (349) | 6.8 (310) * | 8.0 (190) | 16.5 (7) |
| ≥1/wk but <1/dy | 4.7 (506) | 7.2 (337) * | 12.2 (270) | 6.9 (4) |
| ≥1/dy | 25.0 (2604) | 11.0 (583) * | 46.7 (938) | 33.9 (16) |
| Pickles | ||||
| Never or <1/mo | 44.5 (4671) | 38.1 (2004) * | 56.9 (1266) | 76.1 (46) * |
| ≥1/mo but <1/wk | 16.1 (1793) | 18.6 (900) * | 26.7 (524) | 13.4 (7) * |
| ≥1/wk but <1/dy | 30.3 (3297) | 32.8 (1581) * | 15.4 (290) | 10.5 (6) * |
| ≥1/dy | 9.1 (936) | 10.6 (483) * | 1.0 (20) | 0 (0) * |
| Refined cereals | ||||
| Never or <1/mo | 3.4 (366) | 6.3 (328) * | 0.1 (3) | 3.4 (2) * |
| ≥1/mo but <1/wk | 3.6 (383) | 7.4 (379) * | 0.7 (19) | 11.2 (5) * |
| ≥1/wk but <1/dy | 27.7 (3027) | 43.2 (2090) * | 33.7 (677) | 48.8 (28) * |
| ≥1/dy | 65.3 (6921) | 43.0 (2171) * | 65.5 (1401) | 36.6 (24) * |
| Desserts | ||||
| Never or <1/mo | 26.1 (2960) | 17.1 (903) * | 1.4 (35) | 7.0 (8) * |
| ≥1/mo but <1/wk | 26.0 (2759) | 21.3 (1105) * | 9.4 (232) | 34.5 (19) * |
| ≥1/wk but <1/dy | 36.9 (3782) | 45.2 (2192) * | 55.3 (1106) | 35.5 (19) * |
| ≥1/dy | 11.0 (1196) | 16.4 (768) * | 33.9 (727) | 22.9 (13) * |
| Fried foods | ||||
| Never or <1/mo | 39.5 (4544) | 28.4 (1544) * | 6.5 (166) | 36.3 (23) * |
| ≥1/mo but <1/wk | 26.4 (2819) | 30.5 (1549) * | 25.1 (516) | 31.9 (20) * |
| ≥1/wk but <1/dy | 29.2 (2884) | 35.4 (1664) * | 59.0 (1204) | 30.4 (15) * |
| ≥1/dy | 5.0 (450) | 5.6 (211) * | 9.3 (214) | 1.4 (1) * |
| Fruit juice | ||||
| Never or <1/mo | 53.2 (5759) | 53.9 (2706) * | 7.4 (136) | 5.1 (6) * |
| ≥1/mo but <1/wk | 23.4 (2545) | 20.2 (1005) * | 20.8 (366) | 11.6 (6) * |
| ≥1/wk but <1/dy | 20.3 (2087) | 19.5 (947) * | 47.2 (989) | 68.8 (36) * |
| ≥1/dy | 3.2 (306) | 6.4 (310) * | 24.7 (609) | 14.5 (11) * |
| Cold beverages | ||||
| Never or <1/mo | 36.2 (4014) | 38.8 (2015) * | 6.1 (138) | 10.2 (7) * |
| ≥1/mo but <1/wk | 24.9 (2738) | 22.2 (1134) * | 12.1 (245) | 41.7 (20) * |
| ≥1/wk but <1/dy | 33.5 (3416) | 35.3 (1655) * | 36.6 (782) | 38.3 (22) * |
| ≥1/dy | 5.5 (529) | 3.7 (164) * | 45.1 (935) | 9.8 (10) * |
†
Values presented are weighted percent (un-weighted frequency).
‡
Participants adhering to any one of the following five vegetarian dietary patterns: vegan (restrict meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy); lacto-vegetarian (restrict meat, poultry, fish, and eggs); lacto-ovo vegetarian (restrict meat, poultry, and fish); pesco-vegetarian (restrict meat and poultry); or semi-vegetarian (eat meat, poultry, and fish ≥1 time/month but <1 time/week).
*
P-value <0.01 from Wald chi-square statistics with Satterthwaite correction comparing non-vegetarians and vegetarians within samples.