Table 2.
Microbiota colonization pattern significantly associated to the mode of delivery at different postnatal periods in the first year of life
| Period for fecal sample collection | Type of Bacteria species identified | Colonization rates | P-value | Interpretation | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vaginally delivered Infants | CS delivered Infants | |||||
| From birth to 7 days | Actinobacteria | |||||
| Bifidobacterium- like bacteria | 41 % | 4 % | P = 0.003 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [34] | |
| Bifidobacterium OTU1 | 28 % | 6 % | P = 0.042 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [35] | |
| Bifidobacterium – like | 85 % | 36 % | P < 0.001 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [20] | |
| Bifidobacterium | – | – | P < 0.05 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [26] | |
| Proteobacteria | ||||||
| Enterobacteriaceae | – | – | P = 0.0174 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [36] | |
| Unclassified Enterobacteriaceae | – | – | P < 0.05 | Higher in the CS delivered infants | [26] | |
| Haemophilus | – | – | P < 0.05 | Higher in the CS delivered infants | [26] | |
| Bacteriodetes | ||||||
| Bacteroides | 73 % | 11 % | P = 0.005 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [27] | |
| Bacteroides – prevotella | – | – | P = 0.0130 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [36] | |
| Bacteroides fragilis | 68 % | 3 % | P < 0.001 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [20] | |
| Bacteroides | – | – | P < 0.05 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [26] | |
| Firmicutes | ||||||
| Lactobacilli | 59 % | 4 % | P = 0.000 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [34] | |
| Lactobacillus | – | – | P < 0.001 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [36] | |
| Clostridiaceae1 | – | – | P < 0.05 | Higher in the CS delivered infants | [26] | |
| Veillonella | P < 0.05 | Higher in the CS delivered infants | [26] | |||
| Klebsiella | – | – | P = 5.8E−8 | Higher in the CS infants | [35] | |
| From 8 to 30 days | Actinobacteria | |||||
| Bifidobacterium-like | 53 % | 0 | P = 0.007 | Not detected in the CS delivered infants | [34] | |
| Bifidobacterium-like | 98 % | 58 % | P < 0.001 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [20] | |
| Bifidobacterium | – | – | P < 0.05 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [26] | |
| Bifidobacteria | – | – | P = 0.001 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [21] | |
| Proteobacteria | ||||||
| Unclassified Enterobacteriaceae | – | – | P < 0.05 | Higher in the CS delivered infants | [26] | |
| Haemophilus | – | – | P < 0.05 | Higher in the CS delivered infants | [26] | |
| Bacteroidetes | ||||||
| Bacteroides-prevotella | – | – | P = 0.0338 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [36] | |
| Bacteroides fragilis | 63 % | 0 | P < 0.001 | Not detected in the CS delivered infants | [20] | |
| Bacteroides | – | – | P < 0. 05 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [26] | |
| Bacteroides | – | – | P < 0.05 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [27] | |
| Firmicutes | ||||||
| Clostridium perfringens | 17 % | 57 % | P = 0.003 | Higher in the CS delivered infants | [20] | |
| Clostridium | – | – | P < 0.05 | Higher in the CS delivered infants | [26] | |
| Veillonella | – | – | P < 0.05 | Higher in the CS delivered infants | [26] | |
| Enterococcus | – | – | P < 0.0001 | Higher in the CS delivered infants | [27] | |
| From 31 to 90 days | Actinobacteria | |||||
| Bifidobacterium | – | – | P = 0.0064 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [36] | |
| Bifidobacterium | – | 33 % | P = 0.046 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [35] | |
| Proteobacteria | ||||||
| Unclassified Enterobacteriaceae | – | – | P < 0.05 | Higher in the CS delivered infants | [26] | |
| Bacteroidetes | ||||||
| Bacteroides-prevotella | – | – | P = 0.0336 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [36] | |
| Bacteroides | 73 % | 11 % | P = 0.005 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [27] | |
| Bacteroides fragilis | 78 % | 14 % | P < 0.001 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [20] | |
| Bacteroides | – | – | P < 0.05 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [26] | |
| Firmicutes | ||||||
| Clostridium | – | – | P < 0.05 | Higher in the CS delivered infants | [26] | |
| From 91 to 180 days | Actinobacteria | |||||
| Bifidobacterium | – | 40 % | P = 0.046 | Lower in CS delivered infants | [35] | |
| Proteobacteria | ||||||
| Unclassified Enterobacteriaceae | – | – | P < 0.05 | Higher in the CS delivered infants | [26] | |
| Bacteroidetes | ||||||
| Bacteroides fragilis | 76 % | 36 % | P = 0.009 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [20] | |
| Firmicutes | ||||||
| Clostridiales | – | – | P < 0.05 | Higher in the CS delivered infants | [26] | |
| From 181 to 360 days | Bacteroidetes | |||||
| Bacteroides | 93 % | 44 % | P = 0.015 | Lower in the CS delivered infants | [27] | |
“-“data not available