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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jul 31.
Published in final edited form as: Transl Stroke Res. 2012 Nov 15;4(1):25–39. doi: 10.1007/s12975-012-0226-1

Fig.3. Neuromembrane events in post traumatic phase.

Fig.3

Neurotransmitter release causes the opening of ion channels and influx of Na+ and Ca++, The resultant combination of intracellular volume and Ca2+ overload induces cell swelling, plasma membrane swelling, necrosis, and apoptosis and leads to the activation of destructive enzymes[112].