Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Population (N = 156 380)
| Characteristic | Hospitalizations With Bacteremia (n = 4923) | Hospitalizations Without Bacteremia (n = 151 457) | P Value | Hospitalizations With Sepsis (n = 5544) | Hospitalizations Without Sepsis (n = 150 836) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y, mean, median, IQR | 56.1, 57.0, 21.0 | 53.9, 55.0, 26.0 | <.01 | 57.8, 59.0, 20.0 | 53.9, 55.0, 26.0 | <.01 |
| Male sex | 2682 (54.5) | 69 368 (45.8) | <.01 | 2983 (53.8) | 69 067 (45.8) | <.01 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| African American | 1794 (36.4) | 57 568 (38.0) | .03 | 1859 (33.5) | 57 503 (38.1) | <.01 |
| Asian | 48 (0.98) | 1182 (0.78) | .15 | 45 (0.81) | 1185 (0.79) | .89 |
| Other | 54 (1.10) | 2295 (1.52) | .02 | 68 (1.2) | 2281 (1.5) | .10 |
| White | 3027 (61.5) | 90 412 (59.7) | .01 | 3572 (64.4) | 89 867 (59.6) | <.01 |
| SIRS | 4002 (81.3) | 53 707 (35.5) | <.01 | 4975 (89.7) | 52 734 (35.0) | <.01 |
| Length of stay, d, mean, median, IQR | 16.5, 10.0, 16.0 | 5.2, 3.0, 4.0 | <.01 | 17.0, 10.6, 16.2 | 5.2, 3.0, 4.0 | <.01 |
| ICU admitted or transferred | 2053 (41.7) | 18 905 (12.5) | <.01 | 3847 (69.4) | 17 111 (11.3) | <.01 |
| Surgery | 858 (17.4) | 28 467 (18.8) | .02 | 1081 (19.5) | 28 244 (18.7) | .15 |
| Prior 30-day admission | 1853 (37.6) | 38 372 (25.3) | <.01 | 2264 (40.8) | 37 961 (25.2) | <.01 |
| St Louis City/County resident | 1236 (25.1) | 36 730 (24.3) | .17 | 1346 (24.3) | 36 620 (24.3) | 1.00 |
| Risk factors for CV disease and sepsis | ||||||
| Diabetes | 1459 (29.6) | 37 182 (24.5) | <.01 | 1616 (29.1) | 37 025 (24.5) | <.01 |
| Hypertension | 3303 (67.1) | 93 568 (61.8) | <.01 | 3851 (69.5) | 93 020 (61.7) | <.01 |
| Congestive heart failure | 962 (19.5) | 24 672 (16.3) | <.01 | 1322 (23.8) | 24 312 (16.1) | <.01 |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 1145 (23.3) | 23 624 (15.6) | <.01 | 1766 (31.9) | 23 003 (15.3) | <.01 |
| Valvular heart disease | 390 (7.9) | 8891 (5.9) | <.01 | 485 (8.7) | 8796 (5.8) | <.01 |
| Pulmonary circulation disorders | 414 (8.4) | 7690 (5.1) | <.01 | 568 (10.2) | 7536 (5.0) | <.01 |
| Peripheral vascular disorders | 322 (6.5) | 8556 (5.6) | .01 | 449 (8.1) | 8429 (5.6) | <.01 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1193 (24.2) | 36 065 (23.8) | .51 | 1484 (26.8) | 35 774 (23.7) | <.01 |
| Renal failure | 1189 (24.2) | 24 305 (16.0) | <.01 | 1457 (26.3) | 24 037 (15.9) | <.01 |
| Liver disease | 630 (12.8) | 10 229 (6.8) | <.01 | 898 (16.2) | 9961 (6.6) | <.01 |
| Coagulopathy | 965 (19.6) | 8575 (5.7) | <.01 | 1348 (24.3) | 8192 (5.4) | <.01 |
| AIDS/HIV | 140 (2.8) | 1639 (1.1) | <.01 | 86 (1.6) | 1693 (1.1) | <.01 |
| Metastatic cancer | 514 (10.4) | 13 620 (9.0) | <.01 | 554 (10.0) | 13 580 (9.0) | .01 |
| Lymphoma | 406 (8.2) | 5744 (3.8) | <.01 | 486 (8.8) | 5664 (3.8) | <.01 |
| Obesity | 400 (8.1) | 13 495 (8.9) | .06 | 549 (9.9) | 13 346 (8.8) | <.01 |
| Alcohol abuse | 289 (5.9) | 8408 (5.6) | .35 | 298 (5.4) | 8399 (5.6) | .56 |
| Medication use | ||||||
| ACE inhibitors | 946 (19.2) | 33 230 (21.9) | <.01 | 895 (16.1) | 33 281 (22.1) | <.01 |
| ARBs | 225 (4.6) | 10 516 (6.9) | <.01 | 208 (3.8) | 10 533 (7.0) | <.01 |
| β-blockers | 488 (9.9) | 15 094 (10.0) | .92 | 569 (10.3) | 15 013 (10.0) | .46 |
| CCBs | 1078 (21.9) | 31 011 (20.5) | .02 | 1149 (20.7) | 30 940 (20.5) | .71 |
| Diuretics | 2406 (48.9) | 50 069 (33.1) | <.01 | 3000 (54.1) | 49 475 (32.8) | <.01 |
| Hydralazine | 717 (14.6) | 17 352 (11.5) | <.01 | 770 (13.9) | 17 299 (11.5) | <.01 |
| Nitrates | 108 (2.2) | 2873 (1.9) | .15 | 142 (2.6) | 2839 (1.9) | <.01 |
| NSAIDs | 4395 (89.3) | 128 548 (84.9) | <.01 | 4784 (86.3) | 128 159 (85.0) | <.01 |
| Statins | 1015 (20.6) | 37 694 (24.9) | <.01 | 1129 (20.4) | 37 580 (24.9) | <.01 |
| Vasopressors | 1604 (32.6) | 13 214 (8.7) | <.01 | 2979 (53.7) | 11 839 (7.8) | <.01 |
Data are presented as No. (%) unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CV, cardiovascular; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; n, number of hospitalizations; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome.