Table 2. Energy and nutrient intakes according to long-FFQ/short-FFQ, percentage differences between intakes by two FFQs and 12d-WFR and their correlations in men.
| Men | ||||||||||||
| Long-FFQ (n = 98) | Short-FFQ (n = 92) | |||||||||||
| 12d-WFR | FFQ | %a | CCb,c | 12d-WFR | FFQ | %a | CCb,c | |||||
| Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | |||||
| Energy, kcal | 2315 | (447) | 2390 | (697) | 3 | 0.45c** | 2345 | (440) | 1857 | (517) | −21** | 0.49c** |
| Water, g | 2683 | (644) | 2915 | (1089) | 9* | 0.32** | 2726 | (615) | 2311 | (924) | −15** | 0.42** |
| Protein, g | 83.7 | (18.1) | 78.8 | (31.8) | −6 | 0.40** | 84.8 | (17.6) | 60.9 | (24.3) | −28** | 0.35** |
| Sum of amino acid residues | 29.4 | (7.1) | 31.1 | (11.0) | 6 | 0.36** | 29.9 | (7.1) | 26.4 | (11.3) | −12** | 0.31** |
| Total fat, g | 62.6 | (16.9) | 61.1 | (29.3) | −2 | 0.53** | 63.9 | (16.4) | 42.3 | (22.5) | −34** | 0.50** |
| Total fat in % energy | 24.2 | (3.9) | 22.5 | (6.1) | −7** | 0.46c** | 24.5 | (3.8) | 19.9 | (6.9) | −18** | 0.49c** |
| Saturated fatty acid, g | 17.1 | (5.4) | 17.5 | (9.3) | 3 | 0.48** | 17.4 | (5.3) | 12.1 | (7.0) | −30** | 0.47** |
| Monounsaturated fatty acid, g | 22.8 | (6.5) | 22.6 | (11.1) | −1 | 0.55** | 23.3 | (6.3) | 15.4 | (8.4) | −34** | 0.45** |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acid, g | 13.6 | (3.6) | 13.7 | (6.8) | 1 | 0.50** | 13.9 | (3.4) | 9.4 | (5.1) | −32** | 0.48** |
| n-3 PUFA | 2.9 | (0.9) | 2.6 | (1.4) | −11* | 0.38** | 3.0 | (0.9) | 2.0 | (1.1) | −33** | 0.36** |
| n-6 PUFA | 10.5 | (2.9) | 11.0 | (5.6) | 5 | 0.44** | 10.7 | (2.8) | 7.4 | (4.1) | −31** | 0.44** |
| Triacylglycerol equivalents, g | 54.8 | (15.0) | 56.1 | (26.9) | 2 | 0.49** | 56.0 | (14.5) | 38.5 | (20.6) | −31** | 0.44** |
| Cholesterol, mg | 369.4 | (116.6) | 341.1 | (341.3) | −8 | 0.53** | 373.7 | (114.7) | 293.8 | (291.3) | −21** | 0.45** |
| Carbohydrate, g | 300.1 | (63.1) | 309.7 | (100.5) | 3 | 0.74** | 302.3 | (63.8) | 235.6 | (72.3) | −22** | 0.68** |
| Total dietary fiber, g | 16.8 | (5.7) | 14.5 | (7.0) | −14** | 0.66** | 17.0 | (5.7) | 9.0 | (4.4) | −47** | 0.65** |
| Water soluble fiber, g | 3.7 | (1.3) | 3.4 | (1.8) | −9* | 0.58** | 3.8 | (1.3) | 1.9 | (1.2) | −49** | 0.62** |
| Water insoluble fiber, g | 12.4 | (4.3) | 10.6 | (5.1) | −14** | 0.68** | 12.6 | (4.3) | 6.7 | (3.2) | −46** | 0.64** |
| Sodium, mg | 4570 | (1092) | 4360 | (2077) | −5 | 0.34** | 4622 | (1060) | 2958 | (1439) | −36** | 0.50** |
| Potassium, mg | 3105 | (887) | 3142 | (1298) | 1 | 0.48** | 3150 | (860) | 2177 | (923) | −31** | 0.46** |
| Calcium, mg | 570 | (182) | 595 | (393) | 4 | 0.58** | 577 | (177) | 362 | (251) | −37** | 0.56** |
| Magnesium, mg | 325 | (86) | 353 | (130) | 9* | 0.39** | 329 | (84) | 266 | (106) | −19** | 0.34** |
| Phosphorus, mg | 1258 | (290) | 1247 | (514) | −1 | 0.48** | 1275 | (282) | 922 | (368) | −28** | 0.47** |
| Iron, mg | 9.5 | (2.5) | 9.7 | (4.1) | 2 | 0.53** | 9.7 | (2.4) | 7.6 | (3.3) | −21** | 0.56** |
| Zinc, mg | 9.6 | (2.3) | 9.3 | (3.2) | −3 | 0.44** | 9.7 | (2.3) | 7.2 | (2.5) | −26** | 0.40** |
| Copper, mg | 1.44 | (0.36) | 1.40 | (0.50) | −2 | 0.64** | 1.46 | (0.35) | 1.05 | (0.38) | −28** | 0.54** |
| Manganese, mg | 4.53 | (1.55) | 4.50 | (1.94) | −1 | 0.58** | 4.61 | (1.56) | 3.56 | (1.70) | −23** | 0.46** |
| Iodine, µg | 1934 | (3976) | 202 | (192) | −90** | 0.01 | 1668 | (2896) | 153 | (155) | −91** | 0.18 |
| Selenium, µg | 61 | (19) | 66 | (31) | 9 | 0.15 | 61 | (19) | 47 | (25) | −23** | 0.24* |
| Chromium, µg | 8 | (3) | 7 | (4) | −10 | 0.39** | 8 | (3) | 4 | (3) | −45** | 0.38** |
| Molybdenum, µg | 216 | (68) | 249 | (84) | 15** | 0.64** | 218 | (68) | 233 | (89) | 7 | 0.46** |
| Retinol, µg | 267 | (346) | 342 | (359) | 28 | 0.30** | 276 | (354) | 438 | (519) | 59** | 0.29** |
| Alpha-carotene, µg | 498 | (295) | 458 | (449) | −8 | 0.34** | 509 | (301) | 421 | (405) | −17* | 0.51** |
| Beta-carotene, µg | 3649 | (1703) | 3022 | (2377) | −17** | 0.55** | 3719 | (1718) | 2442 | (2086) | −34** | 0.51** |
| Cryptoxanthin, µg | 315 | (348) | 607 | (544) | 93** | 0.57** | 320 | (356) | 688 | (970) | 115** | 0.42** |
| Beta carotene equivalents, µg | 4263 | (1975) | 3562 | (2671) | −16** | 0.53** | 4339 | (1983) | 2987 | (2470) | −31** | 0.46** |
| Retinol equivalents, µg | 639 | (380) | 642 | (468) | 1 | 0.35** | 653 | (382) | 691 | (613) | 6 | 0.38** |
| Vitamin D, µg | 11.3 | (5.2) | 9.1 | (5.9) | −20** | 0.32** | 11.5 | (5.2) | 8.1 | (5.6) | −29** | 0.44** |
| Alpha-tocopherol, mg | 8.5 | (2.6) | 8.0 | (4.0) | −5 | 0.52** | 8.7 | (2.5) | 4.8 | (2.6) | −44** | 0.41** |
| Beta-tocopherol, mg | 0.4 | (0.1) | 0.4 | (0.2) | 10 | 0.54** | 0.4 | (0.1) | 0.3 | (0.2) | −32** | 0.53** |
| Gamma-tocopherol, mg | 11.1 | (3.3) | 11.1 | (6.1) | 0 | 0.28** | 11.4 | (3.2) | 7.7 | (5.2) | −32** | 0.35** |
| Delta-tocopherol, mg | 2.9 | (1.0) | 2.6 | (1.9) | −8 | 0.56** | 2.9 | (1.0) | 2.2 | (1.7) | −23** | 0.57** |
| Vitamin K, µg | 298 | (132) | 270 | (163) | −9 | 0.56** | 303 | (132) | 207 | (156) | −31** | 0.65** |
| Vitamin B1, mg | 1.26 | (0.52) | 1.02 | (0.40) | −19** | 0.35** | 1.29 | (0.52) | 0.80 | (0.37) | −38** | 0.31** |
| Vitamin B2, mg | 1.68 | (0.62) | 1.46 | (0.77) | −13* | 0.43** | 1.71 | (0.62) | 1.14 | (0.59) | −34** | 0.54** |
| Niacin, mg | 23.7 | (6.9) | 24.9 | (9.8) | 5 | 0.28** | 24.1 | (6.8) | 20.3 | (8.9) | −16** | 0.29** |
| Vitamin B6, mg | 1.84 | (0.91) | 1.64 | (0.63) | −11* | 0.42** | 1.88 | (0.92) | 1.34 | (0.56) | −29** | 0.41** |
| Vitamin B12, µg | 9.8 | (4.3) | 7.7 | (4.5) | −21** | 0.34** | 9.9 | (4.3) | 7.2 | (4.6) | −28** | 0.28** |
| Folate, µg | 453 | (159) | 403 | (204) | −11** | 0.63** | 461 | (158) | 291 | (168) | −37** | 0.55** |
| Pantothenic acid, mg | 7.16 | (1.84) | 7.63 | (3.21) | 7 | 0.62** | 7.28 | (1.80) | 5.81 | (2.33) | −20** | 0.64** |
| Biotin, µg | 35.0 | (10.3) | 44.0 | (18.2) | 26** | 0.17 | 35.6 | (10.1) | 37.3 | (17.4) | 5 | 0.32** |
| Vitamin C, mg | 142 | (71) | 123 | (86) | −13** | 0.65** | 145 | (71) | 65 | (54) | −55** | 0.56** |
| Daidzein, mg | 13.92 | (8.51) | 17.12 | (16.62) | 23* | 0.63** | 14.29 | (8.62) | 17.07 | (18.48) | 19 | 0.65** |
| Genistein, mg | 23.41 | (14.31) | 28.16 | (27.89) | 20* | 0.63** | 24.02 | (14.50) | 27.47 | (29.97) | 14 | 0.64** |
| Ethanol, g | 27.4 | (24.9) | 35.1 | (30.7) | 28** | 0.82** | 28.2 | (25.4) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| MEDIAN | 0.50 | 0.46 | ||||||||||
12d-WFR, 12-day weighed food records; CC, correlation coefficient; FFQ, Food Frequency Questionnaire; PUFA, poly-unsaturated fatty acids; NA, not applicable for calculation; SD, standard deviation.
aPercentage differences: (FFQ-12d-WFR)/12d-WFR × 100 (%). P-values refer to paired t-test between intakes by each FFQs and those by 12d-WFR for each; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.
bSpearman’s rank correlation coefficients based on energy-adjusted values (other than energy intake and total fat in % energy) and expressed as deattenuated CC. *P < 0.05 where r ≥ 0.20, **P < 0.01 where r ≥ 0.26 for Long-FFQ, *P < 0.05 where r ≥ 0.21, and **P < 0.01 where r ≥ 0.27 for short-FFQ among men.
cDeattenuated CCx = observed CCx × SQRT(1 + λx/n), where λx is the ratio of within- to between-individual variance for nutrient x, and n is number of dietary records.