Table 3. Energy and nutrient intakes according to long-FFQ/short-FFQ, percentage differences between intakes by two FFQs and 12d-WFR and their correlations in women.
| Women | ||||||||||||
| Long-FFQ (n = 142) | Short-FFQ (n = 136) | |||||||||||
| 12d-WFR | FFQ | %a | CCb,c | 12d-WFR | FFQ | %a | CCb,c | |||||
| Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | |||||
| Energy, kcal | 1805 | (309) | 2036 | (671) | 13** | 0.17c | 1810 | (309) | 1382 | (384) | −24** | 0.16c |
| Water, g | 2321 | (551) | 2665 | (1009) | 15** | 0.48** | 2335 | (536) | 1891 | (743) | −19** | 0.58** |
| Protein, g | 70.0 | (14.8) | 76.7 | (30.0) | 10* | 0.33** | 70.2 | (14.8) | 53.4 | (18.8) | −24** | 0.43** |
| Sum of amino acid residues | 24.0 | (5.9) | 31.6 | (13.3) | 31** | 0.37** | 24.1 | (5.8) | 23.5 | (8.4) | −3 | 0.43** |
| Total fat, g | 54.6 | (14.1) | 64.5 | (29.8) | 18** | 0.33** | 54.7 | (14.4) | 38.0 | (17.8) | −30** | 0.29** |
| Total fat in % energy | 27.0 | (4.0) | 27.5 | (5.7) | 2 | 0.34c** | 27.0 | (3.9) | 23.9 | (6.0) | −11** | 0.14c |
| Saturated fatty acid, g | 15.2 | (4.9) | 19.0 | (10.5) | 26** | 0.46** | 15.2 | (5.0) | 10.6 | (5.7) | −30** | 0.44** |
| Monounsaturated fatty acid, g | 19.2 | (5.1) | 23.6 | (11.1) | 23** | 0.21* | 19.2 | (5.2) | 14.0 | (7.0) | −27** | 0.21* |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acid, g | 11.7 | (3.0) | 14.1 | (6.4) | 20** | 0.28** | 11.8 | (3.0) | 8.6 | (3.8) | −27** | 0.24* |
| n-3 PUFA | 2.4 | (0.8) | 2.7 | (1.4) | 16** | 0.40** | 2.4 | (0.8) | 1.9 | (1.0) | −20** | 0.30** |
| n-6 PUFA | 9.2 | (2.4) | 11.3 | (5.2) | 23** | 0.28** | 9.2 | (2.4) | 6.7 | (2.9) | −28** | 0.24* |
| Triacylglycerol equivalents, g | 47.0 | (12.3) | 59.3 | (27.6) | 26** | 0.33** | 47.2 | (12.5) | 34.6 | (16.2) | −27** | 0.31** |
| Cholesterol, mg | 304.4 | (89.4) | 316.5 | (229.4) | 4 | 0.38** | 303.8 | (88.6) | 214.8 | (109.7) | −29** | 0.46** |
| Carbohydrate, g | 248.4 | (40.5) | 276.7 | (87.0) | 11** | 0.40** | 248.9 | (39.5) | 194.3 | (50.3) | −22** | 0.44** |
| Total dietary fiber, g | 16.5 | (5.2) | 17.6 | (8.6) | 7 | 0.61** | 16.6 | (5.1) | 10.7 | (5.0) | −36** | 0.57** |
| Water soluble fiber, g | 3.7 | (1.4) | 4.2 | (2.1) | 12** | 0.60** | 3.8 | (1.4) | 2.4 | (1.3) | −35** | 0.54** |
| Water insoluble fiber, g | 12.1 | (3.7) | 12.9 | (6.2) | 6 | 0.60** | 12.2 | (3.7) | 7.9 | (3.6) | −35** | 0.59** |
| Sodium, mg | 3809 | (921) | 4480 | (2080) | 18** | 0.38** | 3805 | (906) | 2876 | (1295) | −24** | 0.39** |
| Potassium, mg | 2968 | (800) | 3610 | (1587) | 22** | 0.54** | 2992 | (778) | 2300 | (935) | −23** | 0.47** |
| Calcium, mg | 590 | (205) | 754 | (474) | 28** | 0.42** | 593 | (206) | 365 | (190) | −38** | 0.60** |
| Magnesium, mg | 294 | (78) | 359 | (143) | 22** | 0.51** | 296 | (77) | 255 | (93) | −14** | 0.45** |
| Phosphorus, mg | 1092 | (249) | 1278 | (537) | 17** | 0.37** | 1097 | (248) | 810 | (281) | −26** | 0.54** |
| Iron, mg | 8.8 | (2.6) | 9.7 | (3.8) | 10** | 0.57** | 8.9 | (2.6) | 7.2 | (2.7) | −19** | 0.63** |
| Zinc, mg | 7.9 | (1.6) | 8.7 | (3.1) | 11** | 0.27** | 7.9 | (1.6) | 6.1 | (1.9) | −23** | 0.38** |
| Copper, mg | 1.25 | (0.30) | 1.38 | (0.49) | 10** | 0.49** | 1.26 | (0.29) | 0.95 | (0.30) | −25** | 0.65** |
| Manganese, mg | 4.16 | (1.44) | 4.31 | (1.77) | 4 | 0.74** | 4.19 | (1.42) | 3.23 | (1.25) | −23** | 0.68** |
| Iodine, µg | 1829 | (4031) | 252 | (251) | −86** | 0.14 | 1686 | (3390) | 183 | (185) | −89** | 0.15 |
| Selenium, µg | 48 | (12) | 64 | (30) | 35** | 0.15 | 47 | (12) | 45 | (22) | −6 | 0.30** |
| Chromium, µg | 7 | (2) | 8 | (4) | 13* | 0.26** | 7 | (2) | 4 | (2) | −44** | 0.26** |
| Molybdenum, µg | 172 | (52) | 224 | (96) | 31** | 0.57** | 173 | (52) | 195 | (61) | 13** | 0.69** |
| Retinol, µg | 203 | (179) | 343 | (474) | 69** | 0.30** | 204 | (181) | 272 | (370) | 33* | 0.34** |
| Alpha-carotene, µg | 441 | (258) | 672 | (1030) | 52** | 0.56** | 450 | (260) | 610 | (503) | 36** | 0.37** |
| Beta-carotene, µg | 3665 | (1542) | 4443 | (4016) | 21** | 0.50** | 3721 | (1539) | 3647 | (2548) | −2 | 0.37** |
| Cryptoxanthin, µg | 441 | (347) | 1335 | (1580) | 203** | 0.37** | 446 | (352) | 1262 | (1540) | 183** | 0.40** |
| Beta carotene equivalents, µg | 4279 | (1759) | 5446 | (4698) | 27** | 0.51** | 4348 | (1752) | 4565 | (3017) | 5 | 0.34** |
| Retinol equivalents, µg | 575 | (263) | 800 | (668) | 39** | 0.41** | 583 | (263) | 655 | (471) | 12 | 0.34** |
| Vitamin D, µg | 9.0 | (5.1) | 9.6 | (6.9) | 7 | 0.49** | 9.1 | (5.1) | 8.1 | (5.3) | −10 | 0.47** |
| Alpha-tocopherol, mg | 8.0 | (2.7) | 9.3 | (4.6) | 16** | 0.50** | 8.1 | (2.7) | 5.6 | (2.9) | −32** | 0.49** |
| Beta-tocopherol, mg | 0.3 | (0.1) | 0.4 | (0.2) | 26** | 0.24* | 0.3 | (0.1) | 0.3 | (0.1) | −22** | 0.36** |
| Gamma-tocopherol, mg | 10.1 | (2.9) | 12.3 | (6.4) | 21** | 0.29** | 10.2 | (2.9) | 7.4 | (4.1) | −27** | 0.29** |
| Delta-tocopherol, mg | 2.6 | (0.9) | 2.8 | (1.6) | 6 | 0.53** | 2.7 | (0.9) | 2.1 | (1.2) | −20** | 0.53** |
| Vitamin K, µg | 294 | (113) | 341 | (236) | 16** | 0.52** | 297 | (113) | 251 | (155) | −15** | 0.53** |
| Vitamin B1, mg | 1.02 | (0.36) | 1.10 | (0.45) | 8 | 0.36** | 1.03 | (0.37) | 0.76 | (0.31) | −26** | 0.37** |
| Vitamin B2, mg | 1.49 | (0.44) | 1.65 | (0.80) | 10* | 0.43** | 1.50 | (0.44) | 1.08 | (0.46) | −28** | 0.61** |
| Niacin, mg | 18.4 | (5.4) | 22.6 | (8.8) | 23** | 0.32** | 18.5 | (5.4) | 18.2 | (7.0) | −2 | 0.18 |
| Vitamin B6, mg | 1.45 | (0.57) | 1.61 | (0.67) | 11** | 0.59** | 1.46 | (0.58) | 1.19 | (0.45) | −19** | 0.46** |
| Vitamin B12, µg | 7.3 | (3.5) | 7.5 | (4.6) | 3 | 0.35** | 7.3 | (3.5) | 6.6 | (4.0) | −11* | 0.46** |
| Folate, µg | 445 | (147) | 484 | (239) | 9* | 0.62** | 449 | (145) | 313 | (154) | −30** | 0.55** |
| Pantothenic acid, mg | 6.36 | (1.57) | 8.08 | (3.48) | 27** | 0.46** | 6.41 | (1.56) | 5.30 | (1.90) | −17** | 0.61** |
| Biotin, µg | 31.4 | (8.7) | 44.0 | (18.1) | 40** | 0.36** | 31.7 | (8.5) | 34.4 | (13.5) | 9* | 0.32** |
| Vitamin C, mg | 155 | (72) | 184 | (110) | 18** | 0.66** | 156 | (72) | 94 | (63) | −40** | 0.59** |
| Daidzein, mg | 13.17 | (7.31) | 17.28 | (12.43) | 31** | 0.55** | 13.33 | (7.40) | 15.61 | (11.12) | 17** | 0.64** |
| Genistein, mg | 22.34 | (12.53) | 28.57 | (20.88) | 28** | 0.53** | 22.61 | (12.68) | 25.52 | (19.04) | 13* | 0.63** |
| Ethanol, g | 4.6 | (9.6) | 4.3 | (8.9) | −7 | 0.67** | 4.6 | (9.7) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| MEDIAN | 0.43 | 0.44 | ||||||||||
12d-WFR, 12-day weighed food records; CC, correlation coefficient; FFQ, Food Frequency Questionnaire; PUFA, poly-unsaturated fatty acids; NA, not applicable for calculation; SD, standard deviation.
aPercentage differences: (FFQ − 12d-WFR)/12d-WFR × 100 (%). P-values refer to paired t-test between intakes by each FFQs and those by 12d-WFR for each; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.
bSpearman’s rank correlation coefficients based on energy-adjusted values (other than energy intake and total fat in % energy) and expressed as deattenuated CC. For women, *P < 0.05 where r ≥ 0.20, and **P < 0.01 where r ≥ 0.26.
cDeattenuated CCx = observed CCx × SQRT(1 + λx/n), where λx is the ratio of within- to between-individual variance for nutrient x, and n is number of dietary records.