Table 4. Food-group intakes according to long-FFQ/short-FFQ, percentage differences between intakes by two FFQs and 12d-WFR and their correlations in men and women.
| n of items (supplemental questions)d | Men | Women | ||||||||||||||||
| Long-FFQ (n = 98) | Short-FFQ (n = 92) | Long-FFQ (n = 142) | Short-FFQ (n = 136) | |||||||||||||||
| 12d-WFR | FFQ | %a | CCb,c | 12d-WFR | FFQ | %a | CCb,c | 12d-WFR | FFQ | %a | CCb,c | 12d-WFR | FFQ | %a | CCb,c | |||
| Long- FFQ | Short- FFQ | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||||||||
| g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | |||||||||||
| Cereals | 9 (4) | 4 | 508 (138) | 637 (264) | 25 | 0.60** | 508 (140) | 538 (199) | 6 | 0.57** | 348 (80) | 472 (131) | 35 | 0.31** | 348 (81) | 403 (101) | 16 | 0.45** |
| Rice | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 394 (144) | 460 (177) | 17 | 0.58** | 394 (145) | 449 (185) | 14 | 0.57** | 259 (86) | 326 (100) | 26 | 0.48** | 261 (86) | 325 (100) | 24 | 0.57** |
| Potatoes and starches | 5 | 0 | 45 (29) | 37 (29) | −17 | 0.28** | 45 (29) | NANA | NA | NA | 43 (25) | 44 (31) | 2 | 0.45** | 44 (25) | NANA | NA | NA |
| Sugar | 1 (2) | 0 | 6 (3) | 0 (2) | −91 | 0.34** | 6 (3) | NANA | NA | NA | 6 (3) | 1 (1) | −91 | 0.23* | 6 (3) | NANA | NA | NA |
| Pulses | 9 | 4 | 70 (47) | 78 (105) | 11 | 0.62** | 72 (48) | 69 (102) | −4 | 0.63** | 70 (44) | 77 (66) | 10 | 0.61** | 71 (45) | 64 (76) | −10 | 0.59** |
| Vegetables | 38 | 14 | 358 (163) | 277 (217) | −23 | 0.59** | 365 (162) | 138 (106) | −62 | 0.49** | 344 (133) | 359 (227) | 4 | 0.59** | 350 (131) | 188 (125) | −46 | 0.42** |
| Green and yellow | 19 | 8 | 123 (67) | 132 (153) | 7 | 0.52** | 126 (67) | 78 (72) | −38 | 0.53** | 127 (63) | 156 (114) | 23 | 0.59** | 129 (62) | 104 (76) | −19 | 0.44** |
| White vegetables | 19 | 7 | 234 (119) | 145 (104) | −38 | 0.51** | 239 (119) | 60 (51) | −75 | 0.33** | 218 (95) | 202 (132) | −7 | 0.50** | 221 (94) | 84 (65) | −62 | 0.23* |
| Pickled vegetables | 7 | 6 | 14 (13) | 33 (49) | 140 | 0.43** | 14 (13) | 23 (30) | 62 | 0.37** | 15 (16) | 46 (54) | 213 | 0.54** | 15 (17) | 31 (37) | 108 | 0.51** |
| Cruciferous vegetables | 7 | 2 | 118 (71) | 55 (50) | −53 | 0.46** | 119 (71) | 16 (18) | −87 | 0.41** | 118 (63) | 81 (66) | −32 | 0.43** | 120 (64) | 24 (22) | −80 | 0.26** |
| Fruits | 21 | 6 | 94 (79) | 147 (127) | 56 | 0.75** | 96 (80) | 98 (116) | 2 | 0.60** | 139 (85) | 260 (230) | 88 | 0.56** | 139 (85) | 150 (134) | 7 | 0.50** |
| Citrus fruit | 4 | 2 | 22 (30) | 43 (42) | 99 | 0.43** | 21 (31) | 46 (63) | 115 | 0.46** | 36 (32) | 103 (159) | 188 | 0.39** | 36 (32) | 80 (99) | 124 | 0.42** |
| Other fruit | 16 | 3 | 72 (66) | 102 (102) | 41 | 0.74** | 75 (66) | 50 (76) | −33 | 0.68** | 103 (69) | 155 (126) | 51 | 0.56** | 104 (69) | 68 (52) | −35 | 0.54** |
| Fungi | 3 | 1 | 21 (16) | 11 (11) | −49 | 0.26** | 21 (16) | 5 (11) | −78 | 0.29** | 18 (12) | 16 (12) | −12 | 0.41** | 18 (12) | 6 (8) | −68 | 0.27** |
| Algae | 3 | 2 | 10 (11) | 8 (10) | −22 | 0.25* | 10 (11) | 7 (11) | −27 | 0.22* | 9 (10) | 9 (15) | 0 | 0.32** | 9 (10) | 8 (8) | −13 | 0.26** |
| Fish and shellfish | 21 | 11 | 108 (44) | 76 (48) | −30 | 0.30** | 109 (44) | 60 (41) | −44 | 0.30** | 82 (35) | 76 (53) | −6 | 0.47** | 82 (35) | 60 (39) | −26 | 0.56** |
| Meats | 19 | 12 | 87 (36) | 71 (48) | −19 | 0.44** | 89 (36) | 56 (44) | −37 | 0.38** | 61 (27) | 56 (38) | −8 | 0.29** | 61 (27) | 43 (32) | −30 | 0.44** |
| Processed meat | 4 | 0 | 17 (12) | 10 (10) | −40 | 0.34** | 18 (12) | NANA | NA | NA | 12 (8) | 9 (8) | −20 | 0.60** | 11 (8) | NANA | NA | NA |
| Red meat | 9 | 9 | 46 (23) | 40 (31) | −13 | 0.43** | 47 (23) | 46 (39) | −2 | 0.40** | 32 (18) | 30 (23) | −6 | 0.20* | 32 (18) | 36 (28) | 14 | 0.34** |
| Poultry | 4 | 1 | 21 (16) | 19 (20) | −10 | 0.22* | 22 (16) | 7 (7) | −68 | 0.30** | 17 (11) | 16 (16) | −4 | 0.56** | 17 (11) | 5 (6) | −69 | 0.29** |
| Eggs | 1 | 1 | 40 (18) | 44 (73) | 10 | 0.56** | 40 (18) | 44 (67) | 8 | 0.52** | 32 (14) | 37 (49) | 14 | 0.48** | 32 (14) | 27 (17) | −16 | 0.50** |
| Milk and dairy products | 6 (2) | 2 | 105 (84) | 200 (263) | 90 | 0.58** | 108 (84) | 100 (161) | −7 | 0.59** | 147 (101) | 314 (340) | 114 | 0.52** | 148 (102) | 113 (120) | −23 | 0.73** |
| Fats and oils | 2 (7) | 0 (7) | 12 (5) | 12 (6) | 1 | 0.30** | 12 (5) | 8 (5) | −35 | 0.16 | 10 (4) | 14 (8) | 44 | 0.06 | 10 (4) | 8 (4) | −17 | −0.21 |
| Confectionaries | 6 | 1 | 31 (27) | 18 (23) | −42 | 0.61** | 32 (28) | 8 (11) | −75 | 0.50** | 46 (32) | 28 (23) | −39 | 0.48** | 46 (32) | 12 (16) | −74 | 0.26** |
| Alcoholic beverages | 6 | 0 | 350 (313) | 420 (384) | 20 | 0.72** | 360 (319) | NANA | NA | NA | 82 (166) | 88 (198) | 8 | 0.66** | 82 (168) | NANA | NA | NA |
| Non-alcoholic beverages | 10 | 6 | 600 (385) | 709 (430) | 18 | 0.34** | 608 (388) | 534 (377) | −12 | 0.34** | 673 (381) | 694 (417) | 3 | 0.46** | 670 (379) | 591 (318) | −12 | 0.46** |
| Green tea | 4 | 2 | 314 (335) | 337 (373) | 7 | 0.66** | 324 (342) | 292 (367) | −10 | 0.64** | 392 (331) | 401 (419) | 2 | 0.80** | 393 (328) | 355 (310) | −10 | 0.78** |
| Coffee | 3 | 3 | 123 (148) | 299 (261) | 143 | 0.51** | 125 (149) | 242 (196) | 94 | 0.63** | 119 (178) | 236 (204) | 98 | 0.56** | 121 (181) | 236 (197) | 94 | 0.62** |
| Seasonings and spices | 8 (1) | 1 (1) | 138 (74) | 22 (12) | −84 | 0.25* | 137 (73) | 16 (11) | −88 | 0.41** | 114 (80) | 23 (13) | −80 | 0.16 | 113 (77) | 15 (10) | −87 | 0.16 |
| MEDIAN | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.44 | ||||||||||||||
12d-WFR, 12-day weighed food records; CC, correlation coefficient; FFQ, Food Frequency Questionnaire; NA, not applicable for calculation; SD, standard deviation.
aPercentage differences: (FFQ − 12d-WFR)/12d-WFR × 100 (%).
bSpearman’s rank correlation coefficients based on energy-adjusted values (other than energy intake and total fat in % energy) and expressed as deattenuated CC. *P < 0.05 where r ≥ 0.20, and **P < 0.01 where r ≥ 0.26 for Long-FFQ, *P < 0.05 where r ≥ 0.21, and **P < 0.01 where r ≥ 0.27 for short-FFQ among men, For women, *P < 0.05 where r ≥ 0.20, and **P < 0.01 where r ≥ 0.26.
cDeattenuated CCx = observed CCx × SQRT(1 + λx/n), where λx is the ratio of within- to between-individual variance for nutrient x, and n is number of dietary records.
dSupplemental questions were supporting for some kinds of the foods, and were not included in the number of items. 2 items of nuts and seeds and 2 items of drink water were not shown, because a few number of food groups, respectively.