Table 2.
Descriptive characteristics and multivariable logistic regression model of cervical cytology in women attending a Nepal Fertility Care Center health camp in the Far-West region of Nepal
| Variablesa | Total number of women with a liquid-based cytology result available |
Normal (WNL/BCC/ACTINO/ ASCUS) |
Abnormal (HSIL/SCC/ASC-H/AGUS/LSIL) |
p-valueb | Adjusted OR (95% CI)c | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
| Age (n=248) | NS | |||||||
| ≤34 years | 132 | 53.2 | 125 | 54.6 | 7 | 36.8 | 0.31 (0.11 to 0.93) | |
| >34 years | 116 | 46.8 | 104 | 45.4 | 12 | 63.2 | Ref | |
| Number of children (n=244) | NS | |||||||
| 0 | 8 | 3.3 | 7 | 3.0 | 1 | 7.7 | ||
| 1–2 | 81 | 33.2 | 78 | 33.8 | 3 | 23.1 | ||
| 3–4 | 51 | 20.9 | 48 | 20.8 | 3 | 23.1 | ||
| 4+ | 104 | 42.6 | 98 | 42.4 | 6 | 46.2 | ||
| HR-HPV statusd (n=251) | 0.001 | |||||||
| Positive | 20 | 7.9 | 8 | 3.4 | 12 | 63.2 | ||
| Negative | 231 | 92.0 | 224 | 96.6 | 7 | 36.8 | ||
| Self-reported health (n=250) | NS | |||||||
| Excellent | 64 | 25.6 | 57 | 24.7 | 7 | 36.8 | ||
| Very good | 82 | 32.8 | 75 | 32.5 | 7 | 36.8 | ||
| Good | 83 | 33.2 | 80 | 34.6 | 3 | 15.8 | ||
| Fair/poor | 21 | 8.4 | 19 | 8.2 | 2 | 10.5 | ||
| Husband's migration status (n=243) | NS | |||||||
| Migrated within Nepal | 19 | 7.8 | 17 | 7.6 | 2 | 10.5 | 1.24 (0.22 to 6.99) | |
| Migrated outside of Nepal | 107 | 44.0 | 102 | 45.5 | 5 | 26.3 | 0.49 (0.16 to 1.53) | |
| Husband never migrated | 117 | 48.2 | 105 | 46.9 | 12 | 63.2 | Ref | |
| Husband returned from working away from home in the past 3 months (n=122) | NS | |||||||
| Yes | 94 | 77.1 | 88 | 75.9 | 6 | 100.0 | ||
| No | 28 | 22.9 | 28 | 24.1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Awareness of cervical cancer (n=243) | NS | |||||||
| Yes | 106 | 43.6 | 96 | 42.9 | 10 | 52.6 | 1.86 (0.67 to 5.24) | |
| No | 137 | 56.4 | 128 | 57.1 | 9 | 47.4 | Ref | |
| Type of current contraception use (n=242)e,f | NS | |||||||
| Hormonal | 66 | 27.3 | 57 | 25.6 | 9 | 47.4 | 3.55 (0.98 to 12.85) | |
| Condom Use | 14 | 5.8 | 13 | 5.8 | 1 | 5.3 | 1.47 (0.36 to 5.92) | |
| Other | 63 | 26.0 | 59 | 26.5 | 4 | 21.1 | ||
| Does not use contraception | 99 | 40.9 | 94 | 42.2 | 5 | 26.3 | Ref | |
| Awareness of STIs (n=251) | NS | |||||||
| Yes | 137 | 54.6 | 124 | 53.4 | 13 | 68.4 | ||
| No | 114 | 45.4 | 108 | 46.6 | 6 | 31.6 | ||
ACTINO: actinomycosis; AGUS: atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance; ASC-H: atypical squamous cell-cannot exclude HSIL; ASCUS: atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance; BCC: benign cellular changes; HSIL: high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; LSIL: low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; Ref: reference group; SCC: squamous cell carcinoma; WNL: within normal limits.
a The value for each variable may vary due to missing survey data.
b NS = not significant at alpha equal to 0.05. P-value >0.05.
c Models adjusted for: age, awareness of cervical cancer, type of current contraception use, husband's migration status. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to generate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) describing factors associated with HR-HPV infection based on 1. a review of HPV risk factor literature from developing countries; 2. a p-value of less than 0.1 in the univariate analyses; or 3. if they were of primary interest for the study. Final models included the following covariates: age, cervical cancer awareness, type of current contraception used, a husband's migratory status.
d HR-HPV status determined using APTIMA HR-HPV mRNA Assay (Hologic/Gen-Probe, Inc. San Diego, CA, USA).
e Hormonal contraception was defined as the use of birth control pills, hormonal implants, and Depo-Provera injections.
f The category ‘Other’ was collapsed with ‘Condom use’ in the multivariate analysis.