Table 1.
Comparison of human CMV seroprevalence in different countries in Africa
| Country (City) | HCMV IgG | Study population | N | Assay | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV-negative adults | 81.8% | ||||
| Nigeria (Ibadan) | 55.0% | Adult healthy blood donors | 110 | Complement fixation | [30] |
| Mali (Bamako) | 58.0% | Adult healthy HIV-negative blood donors | 100 | ELISA (Platelia, Sanofi Pasteur) | [31] |
| Tanzania (Dar es Salaam) | 66.9% | Adult inpatients with STDs (HIV-negative) | 158 | Passive latex agglutination (CMV-scan card) | [32] |
| Ghana (Accra) | 77.6% | Adult healthy HIV-negative blood donors | 3275 | ELISA IgG (Diamedix Corporation, USA) | [33] |
| Burkina Faso (Bobo-Dioulasso) | 82.0% | Adult healthy HIV-negative blood donors | 28 | ELISA (Platelia, Sanofi Pasteur) | [34] |
| Ghana (Kumasi) | 94.3% | Healthy blood donors | 112 | Platella CMV IgG (Bio-Rad) | [35] |
| Somalia (Mogadishu) | 96.0% | Healthy adult males | 102 | Unspecified | [36] |
| Somalia (Mogadishu) | 96.0% | Adult males attending STD clinic | 101 | Unspecified | [36] |
| Kenya (Nairobi) | 97.0% | Adult healthy blood donors (1.3% HIV-positive) | 400 | Unspecified | [37] |
| Tunisia (Tunis) | 89.0% | Healthy adults | 100 | CMV IgG CMIA (Abbott Diagnostics) | [38] |
| Kenya | 97.0% | Adult healthy blood donors | 395 | Not available | [37] |
| Tunisia (Sfax) | 97.0% | Adult healthy blood donors | 280 | Enzygnost anti-CMV/IgG (Behring) | [39] |
| HIV-positive adults | 94.8% | ||||
| Mali (Bamako) | 71.0% | HIV-positive adults | 100 | ELISA (Platelia, Sanofi Pasteur) | [31] |
| Tanzania (Dar es Salaam) | 72.3% | Adult inpatients with STDs (HIV-positive) | 65 | Passive latex agglutination (CMV-scan card) | [32] |
| Ghana (Kumasi) | 92.7% | Asymptomatic HIV-positive adults | 55 | Platella CMV IgG (Bio-Rad) | [35] |
| Botswana (Gaborone) | 95.3% | Asymptomatic HIV-positive adults | 43 | [40] | |
| South Africa (Mopani District, Limpopo) | 100.0% | HIV-positive adults, ART naïve, mean CD4 cell count 382±226 cells/μL | 405 | Serion ELISA classic tests (Virion Serion) | [41] |
| Tanzania (Mbulu) | 100.0% | HIV-positive adults, ART naïve, median baseline CD4 cell count 205 (IQR 79–403) cells/μL | 168 | CMV IgG CMIA (Abbott Diagnostics) | [42] |
| Lesotho | 100.0% | HIV-positive, on ART | 205 | CMV IgG CMIA (Abbott Diagnostics) | [43] |
| Nigeria (Ilorin) | 93.9% | Asymptomatic HIV-positive adults | 180 | IgG ELISA Kit (DIA.PRO, Diagnostic Bioprobes, Italy) | [44] |
| AIDS patients | 81.9% | ||||
| Ghana (Accra) | 59.2% | AIDS patients | 250 | ELISA IgG; Diamedix Corporation, USA | [33] |
| Mali (Bamako) | 89.0% | AIDS patients | 100 | ELISA (Platelia, Sanofi Pasteur) | [31] |
| Tanzania (Dar es Salaam) | 90.7% | AIDS patients | 43 | Passive latex agglutination (CMV-scan card) | [32] |
| Ghana (Kumasi) | 98.3% | AIDS patients | 239 | Platella CMV IgG (Bio-Rad) | [35] |
| Burkina Faso (Bobo-Dioulasso) | 100.0% | AIDS patients | 36 | ELISA (Platelia, Sanofi Pasteur) | [34] |
| Pregnant women | 87.8% | ||||
| Tanzania (Dar es Salaam) | 60.6% | HIV-negative pregnant women | 127 | Passive latex agglutination (CMV-scan card) | [32] |
| Tanzania (Dar es Salaam) | 85.7% | HIV-positive pregnant women | 14 | Passive latex agglutination (CMV-scan card) | [32] |
| Benin (Cotonou) | 97.2% | Pregnant women | 211 | ETI-CYTOK-G PLUS ELISA (DiaSorin) | [45] |
| Nigeria (Ibadan) | 100.0% | Pregnant and non-pregnant women | 80 | Peroxidase enzyme-labelled antigen (ELA) | [46] |
| Nigeria (Kano) | 91.1% | Pregnant women | 180 | CMV IgG ELISA kit (Dialab, Austria) | [47] |
| South Africa (Johannesburg) | 86.4% | Pregnant women | 2160 | ELISA (M A Bioproducts, Virginia) | [48] |
| Tunisia | 80.9% | Pregnant women | 404 | CMV IgG CMIA (Abbott Diagnostics) | [49] |
| Sudan | 72.0% | Pregnant women | 231 | DRG Cytomegalie Virus (CMV) IgG Enzyme Immunoassay Kit | [50] |
| The Gambia (Sukuta) | 100.0% | Pregnant women | 169 | ETI-CYTOK-G PLUS ELISA (DiaSorin) | [51] |
| Kenya (Thika) | 77.3% | Pregnant women | 260 | CMV serum immunoglobulin G antibody using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Wampole; Inverness Medical Professional Diagnostics) | [52] |
| Benin (Tanguiéta) | 100.0% | Pregnant women | 283 | ETI-CYTOK-G PLUS ELISA (DiaSorin) | [53] |
| Egypt (Ismailia) | 100.0% | Pregnant women | 546 | CMV IgG (DIA.PRO Diagnostic Bioprobes, Italy) | [54] |
| Children | 88.1% | ||||
| Cameroon (Kumba City) | 88.5% | Healthy children 4–6 years | ~100 | ELISA (unspecified) | [55] |
| Cameroon (Kumba City) | 98.0% | Healthy children 11–14 years | ~100 | ELISA (unspecified) | [55] |
| Gambia (Banjul) | 86.4% | Healthy children 12 months | 178 | Immunofluorescence? | [56] |
| Gambia (Banjul) | 80.4% | Healthy children | 138 | ETI-CYTOK-G PLUS ELISA (DiaSorin) | [57] |
| Mozambique (SE Transvaal) | 88.0% | Refugee children under 5 years | ~100 | ELISA (unspecified) | [58] |
| Mozambique (SE Transvaal) | 96.4% | Refugee children under 11 years | ~100 | ELISA (unspecified) | [58] |
| Nigeria (Ibadan) | 100.0% | Newborn infants | 21 | Peroxidase enzyme-labelled antigen (ELA) | [46] |
| Zambia (Lusaka) | 83.0% | Healthy 18-month-old infants | 460 | ETI-CYTOK-G PLUS ELISA (DiaSorin) | [9] |
| Kenya (Nairobi) | 100.0% | HIV-1-infected street children | 71 | ELISA kit (Murex) | [59] |
| Egypt | 100.0% | Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia | 68 | ELISA kit (Diagnostic Systems Laboratories, Inc., USA) | [60] |
| Tuberculosis studies | 83.0% | ||||
| Nigeria (Ibadan) | 50.6% | Non-TB | 89 | Complement fixation | [30] |
| Nigeria (Ibadan) | 87.6% | Tuberculosis patients | 161 | Complement fixation | [30] |
| Burkina Faso (Bobo-Dioulasso) | 95.0% | TB-positive, HIV-positive | 40 | ELISA (Platelia, Sanofi Pasteur) | [34] |
| Burkina Faso (Bobo-Dioulasso) | 96.5% | Tuberculosis patients | 80 | ELISA (Platelia, Sanofi Pasteur) | [34] |
| Burkina Faso (Bobo-Dioulasso) | 97.5% | TB-positive, HIV-negative | 40 | ELISA (Platelia, Sanofi Pasteur) | [34] |
| Other | 94.5% | ||||
| Eritrea (various locations) | 94.8% | Various | 439 | ELISA (unspecified) | [61] |
| Burundi (Bujumbura) | 99.0% | Ophthalmic patients | 154 | ELISA Enzygnost CMV (Abbott Laboratories, USA) | [62] |
| Tunisia | 94.9% | HIV-negative adults with haemoglobinopathies | 59 | CMV IgG CMIA (Abbott Diagnostics) | [38] |
| Tunisia | 77.0% | HIV-negative children with thalassemia or haemophilia | 48 | CMV IgG CMIA (Abbott Diagnostics) | [38] |
Adapted from [2]. Percentages in bold are the averages within each group, weighted by study size. CMIA, chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay