. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2016 Feb;25(1):31–37. doi: 10.1097/RMR.0000000000000076

Table 1.

Potential ¹³C Hyperpolarized Applications in Neuroradiology

Potential Application	Probe	Downstream Metabolites	References
Glycolysis, Warburg effect	[1-¹³C] pyruvate	Lactate, alanine, bicarbonate	^15,24,39
Glycolysis, TCA cycle	[2-¹³C] pyruvate	TCA intermediates	^{5,18,46,51,67}
	[1-¹³C] alpha-ketoglutarate
	[1,4-¹³C] fumarate
Glutaminolysis	[1,5-¹³C] glutamate/glutamine	Glutamate, TCA intermediates	⁴⁷
Perfusion	¹³C Urea	Intracellular/Extracellular pools	⁶⁸
pH	¹³C Bicarbonate	CO₂	⁵⁴
Redox potential	[1-¹³C] DHA	Vitamin C	⁵⁶