Table 2.
Associations of rate of GWG (per 0.2 kg/wk) with anthropometry and adiposity indices at midchildhood, stratified by pre-pregnancy BMI category
| Pre-pregnancy BMI category, kg/m2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Exposure GWG (per 0.2 kg/wk) |
18.5 – <25.0 N = 640 |
25.0 – <30.0 N = 215 β (95% CI) |
≥30.0 N = 134 |
| BMI z-score | 1st trimester | 0.05 (−0.03, 0.13) | 0.05 (−0.06, 0.16) | 0.09 (−0.02, 0.20) |
| 2nd trimester | 0.11 (0.02, 0.21) | 0.13 (−0.01, 0.28) | 0.12 (−0.03, 0.26) | |
| 3rd trimester | 0.04 (−0.04, 0.13) | −0.04 (−0.18, 0.09) | −0.02 (−0.18, 0.14) | |
| Total GWG | 0.18 (0.05, 0.31) | 0.15 (−0.04, 0.35) | 0.19 (−0.01, 0.38) | |
| DXA FMI, kg/m2 | 1st trimester | 0.15 (0.00, 0.29) | 0.07 (−0.14, 0.27) | 0.33 (0.00, 0.66) |
| 2nd trimester | 0.14 (−0.05, 0.32) | 0.19 (−0.09, 0.47) | 0.27 (−0.17, 0.72) | |
| 3rd trimester | 0.06 (−0.10, 0.23) | −0.17 (−0.42, 0.09) | −0.28 (−0.77, 0.20) | |
| Total GWG | 0.32 (0.08, 0.57) | 0.14 (−0.23, 0.50) | 0.44 (−0.15, 1.03) | |
| DXA trunk FMI, kg/m2 | 1st trimester | 0.05 (−0.01, 0.12) | 0.03 (−0.06, 0.13) | 0.17 (0.02, 0.32) |
| 2nd trimester | 0.05 (−0.03, 0.13) | 0.06 (−0.07, 0.18) | 0.13 (−0.07, 0.33) | |
| 3rd trimester | 0.04 (−0.03, 0.11) | −0.07 (−0.18, 0.05) | −0.17 (−0.38, 0.05) | |
| Total GWG | 0.13 (0.03, 0.24) | 0.04 (−0.12, 0.20) | 0.21 (−0.06, 0.48) | |
| DXA FFMI, kg/m2 | 1st trimester | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.15) | 0.03 (−0.13, 0.19) | 0.04 (−0.16, 0.24) |
| 2nd trimester | 0.18 (0.04, 0.32) | 0.13 (−0.09, 0.35) | 0.05 (−0.22, 0.31) | |
| 3rd trimester | 0.05 (−0.08, 0.17) | −0.09 (−0.29, 0.11) | −0.05 (−0.34, 0.24) | |
| Total GWG | 0.24 (0.05, 0.42) | 0.10 (−0.19, 0.38) | 0.05 (−0.30, 0.39) | |
| DXA percent fat | 1st trimester | 0.50 (−0.01, 1.00) | 0.17 (−0.54, 0.89) | 0.96 (0.04, 1.89) |
| 2nd trimester | 0.29 (−0.34, 0.92) | 0.59 (−0.38, 1.57) | 0.79 (−0.44, 2.02) | |
| 3rd trimester | 0.09 (−0.47, 0.65) | −0.53 (−1.42, 0.37) | −0.63 (−1.98, 0.72) | |
| Total GWG | 0.84 (0.00, 1.68) | 0.37 (−0.89, 1.64) | 1.39 (−0.25, 3.03) | |
| Waist circumference, cm | 1st trimester | 0.35 (−0.21, 0.90) | 0.64 (−0.28, 1.56) | 1.17 (0.06, 2.29) |
| 2nd trimester | 0.72 (0.05, 1.39) | 1.32 (0.11, 2.53) | 1.01 (−0.52, 2.54) | |
| 3rd trimester | 0.58 (−0.02, 1.17) | −0.52 (−1.71, 0.67) | −0.83 (−2.43, 0.76) | |
| Total GWG | 1.40 (0.52, 2.28) | 1.61 (−0.06, 3.27) | 1.65 (−0.36, 3.67) | |
| Sum of skinfolds, mm | 1st trimester | 0.54 (−0.10, 1.19) | 0.64 (−0.51, 1.79) | 1.84 (0.44, 3.24) |
| 2nd trimester | 0.35 (−0.44, 1.14) | 1.16 (−0.34, 2.66) | 0.79 (−1.08, 2.66) | |
| 3rd trimester | 0.32 (−0.38, 1.02) | −0.46 (−1.93, 1.02) | −1.38 (−3.35, 0.59) | |
| Total GWG | 1.11 (0.07, 2.15) | 1.50 (−0.55, 3.56) | 1.88 (−0.64, 4.39) | |
BMI: body mass index; GWG: gestational weight gain; DXA: dual X-ray absorptiometry; FMI: fat mass index; FFMI: fat free mass index. We adjusted all models for child sex and age at outcome and maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, education, pregnancy smoking status and race/ethnicity; 2nd trimester models were further adjusted for 1st trimester GWG; 3rd trimester models were adjusted for 1st and 2nd trimester GWG.